台灣青少年日常情感調節經驗與憂鬱之初探：情感差距、情感調節策略的影響

Abstract

目的：青少年個體面對內外在的衝擊與壓力，情感反應激烈且多變而缺乏穩定性為此時期情感發展上的特性，加上尚未成熟的情感調節能力，使得青少年常出現情感困擾的問題，對個體的身心健康、學習及社會適應影響頗鉅。因此，本研究將探究國中生如何調節日常生活中的情感經驗。在本研究以「理想與真實情感差距」概念來探討個體的情感調節需求與調節策略使用的關係；再者，初步調查青少年在不同情感調節策略的使用情況，以及情感調節策略的效果；最後，探討情感調節歷程的個別差異與憂鬱的關聯。方法：研究一的第一階段採用233名大學生為樣本，第二階段採用909名國中生為樣本，旨在發展中文版情感調節量表在本地的因素結構與心理計量特性。研究二採用820名國中生為樣本，進行兩個時間點的測量（間隔兩週），探討青少年在情感調節歷程的個別差異，以及其與憂鬱的關聯。結果：（1）中文版情感調節量表的心理計量特性尚稱穩定，能作為研究使用的合理測量工具。（2）理想與真實情感差距愈大，憂鬱症狀程度愈高，不論正負向情感差距皆是如此；此外，理想與真實情感差距可預測個體調節策略的使用，當情感差距愈大，個體會投入更多的調節策略。（3）在本研究中，國中生在日常生活經驗中最常使用的情感調節策略為「壓抑」，「積極分心」次之，而「消極分心」使用最少。（4）在正向情感調節方面，「積極分心」及「社交」策略可預測正向情感的提升，而「壓抑」及「逃避及消極接受」策略則預測正向情感的下降，「涉入」及「消極分心」策略則無效果；在負向情感調節方面，「積極分心」可預測負向情感的下降，而「逃避及消極接受」、「壓抑」及「消極分心」則預測負向情感的提升，「涉入」及「社交」策略則無效果。（5）高憂鬱傾向組的正負向情感差距皆大於低憂鬱傾向組，但，高憂鬱傾向組的正向情感提升量、負向情感下降量皆小於低憂鬱傾向組。另外，高憂鬱傾向組在「消極分心」、「壓抑」及「逃避及消極接受」等非適應性情感調節策略的使用頻率高於低憂鬱傾向組。討論：本研究嘗試以情感調節的發展觀點、文化差異、個體對誘發情感來源的解讀與評估等角度切入，來探討本研究結果的發現。接著，說明研究結果的可能貢獻、限制與未來研究方向。

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to investigate how junior high school students regulate their affect in daily life and how such regulation is related to their daily affective experience and psychological adjustment. METHOD: Study 1 validated the Chinese version of Measure of Affect Regulation Styles Scale （MARS-C）with a sample of 233 undergraduate students（for pilot study）and a sample of 909 junior high school students（for formal study）. Study 2, we designed a two time-point measurement with 2-week interval, and examined: (a) the impact of discrepancy between desired and actual affects on need and strategy use of affective regulation; And (b) the junior high school students’ frequency and efficacy of strategies for regulating their affect in daily life. Eight hundred and twenty junior high school students completed measures of ideal affect, actual affect, and strategy use as well as the Children’s Depression Inventory. RESULTS: The findings include: (1) The MARS-C yielded good psychometric properties with confirmed factor structures and satisfactory internal consistency. (2) Affective discrepancy and depression correlated significantly as expected. (3) The discrepancy between desired and actual affects predicted affect regulation. (4) The most used strategy was suppression, followed by active distraction, and passive distraction the least. (5) For positive affect regulation, active distraction and socialize were associated with increases in positive affects, whereas suppression, avoidance and passive acceptance were associated with decreased positive affects. For negative affect regulation, only active distraction was associated with decreased negative affects, whereas passive distraction, suppression, avoidance and passive acceptance were associated with increased negative affects. (6) Adolescents who reported more depressive symptoms had higher affect discrepancy, less affect change, and used more non-adaptive strategies. DISCUSSION: Based on the above findings, the present study tried to discuss in accordance with viewpoints of affect regulation development, cultural differences, and individual interpretation of the evoked affective sources. Possible applications, limitations and future research were also addressed.