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Title: | 泰國學生中油炸食品暴露情況及其風險之研究 Exposure and Health Risk Related to Deep-fried Food Consumption Among Students in Thailand |
Authors: | Tse-Hsueh Chang 張策玄 |
Advisor: | 詹長權(Chang-Chuan Chan) |
Keyword: | 丙烯醯胺,肥胖,油炸食品,致癌風險,泰國, acrylamide,obesity,deep-fried food,cancer risk,Thailand, |
Publication Year : | 2012 |
Degree: | 碩士 |
Abstract: | 丙烯醯胺(Acrylamide)在2002年被發現其會在高溫烹調後的食品中產生後,就一直被受到關注,引起各界的興趣。丙烯醯胺在食物烹調中為自然生成之物質,主要在經過高溫烹調,例如油炸、燒烤等,透過梅納褐變反應(Maillard reaction)而產生,並且為人類可能致癌物。食用過多的油炸食品將導致另一個主要的問題----肥胖。肥胖盛行率在近幾年不斷在增加,並且為受到全球關注的健康議題。泰國是一個擁有自己獨特文化之國家,特別是飲食文化。油炸食品在泰國飲食文化中非常之普遍,這也造成了泰國人普遍攝取過多由炸食品的現象,造成對於丙烯醯胺暴露之增加,也提高肥胖的風險。本研究至泰國當地城市及鄉下地區收取四百八十五位國小至大學(年齡範圍七至二十五歲)之學生樣本,包含了飲食問卷以及尿液樣本。由於小學生樣本資料較不準確,本研究將去除小學生樣本並使用國中至大學之學生樣本共366位進行分析,樣本中男女比例大約相同,平均BMI為22.01±4.86 kg/m2。本研究大學生肥胖之定義為BMI高於25,國中及高中的肥胖則定義為BMI高於同年齡中BMI之95百分位。問卷及尿液將分析並得到以下之結果:泰國學生每日平均丙烯醯胺攝取量、尿液中丙烯醯胺代謝物之含量、以及肥胖之風險因子。每日平均攝取量將使用兩種方法取得:定率方法及蒙地卡羅模擬法。因本研究資料有限,我們將於問卷中35種食物取18種進行分析,而食物中AA含量的資料則從其他研究取得。因技術上的限制,本研究只分析了79個來自城市地區的尿液樣本。利用不同的斜率因子可得到攝取丙烯醯胺之終身致癌風險,而暴露極限(MOE)則是利用動物實驗之BMDL10去計算。泰國學生每日由問卷中之18種食物攝取之丙烯醯胺的量,利用定率方法為每公斤體重0.24 μg,蒙地卡羅模擬法為每公斤體重0.17 μg。在分析的79個城市尿液樣本中,其尿液中AA代謝物之平均濃度為101.55±63.60 ng/mg。以這樣的攝取量估計終身致癌風險,根據不同的斜率因子能夠得出泰國國中至大學之學生食用問券中之18種食物的風險範圍為10-5到10-4。暴露極限(MOE)的計算之結果均大於一,代表平時從問卷中18種食物攝取之丙烯醯胺並未對癌症風險的增加有影響。雖然我們所計算出來之致癌風險偏高,但考慮到AA之毒理機轉與致癌機制,利用MOE較能計算出適當的AA致癌風險之指標,而利用CSF所計算之風險可能會有高估的情形。MOE所呈現的結果顯示AA雖然為致癌物質,透過飲食的攝取並未有很高的致癌風險,但依然不能輕忽其風險的存在。在本研究樣本之366位泰國學生中肥胖之保護因子為固定每日運動及每日食用水果。某些特定之食物對肥胖可能也會造成影響,並為危險因子,例如炸魚漿及炸蝦餅。尿中丙烯醯胺代謝物及肥胖之見並未觀察到相關性。未來建議進一步做更詳細之研究來取得能夠針對泰國人口更具代表性之致癌風險,並且也能夠確認不同研究族群中致癌風險的差距為何。 Acrylamide (AA) has gained great attention and interest since its discovery in highly heated foodstuffs in 2002. AA is formed naturally in food while cooking through Maillard reactions, and also a probable human carcinogen. Consuming excessive deep-fried foods would lead to another problem, which is obesity. Obesity has grown from the past decades, and it is a worldwide health issue. Thailand is a country with its own unique culture, especially its cuisine. Deep-fried foods are popular in Thai cuisine, and therefore Thais may consume substantial amount of deep-fried foods, which leads to an issue of exposure of AA through dietary intake and becoming obese. This study is a cross-sectional study, sampling a total of 485 students aging from 7 to 25 from city and rural areas in Thailand, including food consumption questionnaire survey and urine sample. Excluding primary school students which may have inaccurate data, a total of 366 subjects from junior high to college (ages 13-25) were taken into analysis. The ratio of both genders was about equal, and the average BMI of the subjects was 22.01±4.86 kg/m2. A BMI considered as obese in college level was 25, and above the 95-percentile of BMI of the same age level in junior and senior high levels. Average daily AA intake, urinary AA metabolite levels, and risk factors of obesity among Thai students were obtained through analysis of data. Two approaches will be used for estimating average daily AA intake: deterministic method and Monte Carlo simulation. Having limited data on AA concentration, we will only be using 18 out of 35 food items for the calculations. The data on AA concentration was obtained from the study elsewhere. Due to technical limitations, we were only able to analyze 79 urine samples from city area at this point in time. By using the cancer slope factors reported from different studies, estimation on excessive lifetime cancer risk can be calculated. Margin of exposure (MOE) was calculated by using the BMDL10 derived from animal studies, which shows the ratio of point of departure (PoD) to the estimated daily AA intake. The average daily AA intakes estimated by using 18 food items in this study were 0.24 μg per kilogram body weight per day (μg/kg bw/day) and 0.17 μg/kg bw/day for deterministic method and Monte Carlo simulation, respectively. The average urinary AA metabolite level in the 79 samples from city area was 101.55±63.60 ng/mg. The lifetime cancer risk of consuming the 18 foods for junior high to college level students was estimated to be in a range of 10-5 to 10-4, depending on what cancer slope factor is used. The MOEs all showed a value greater than one, indicating that there is no expected increase in cancer risk related to AA intake by consuming the 18 foods. Although the cancer risk estimation from our study is high, considering the AA's genotoxicity and carcinogenicity, it is scientifically appropriate to use the MOE to assess its risk. Using the inappropriate method in assessing risk may cause an overestimation. The results of MOE in this study show no expectation in increase of cancer risk. However, this does not mean there is no cancer risk in AA consumption and should still take its possible risk into consideration. Certain food items such as deep-fried fish paste and shrimp crackers may also have an impact on obesity, and would considered being the risk factors of obesity. The protective factors of obesity among the 366 subjects in this study were regular exercises on daily basis and daily fruit consumption. No association between urinary AA metabolite levels and obesity is found. Further studies should be conducted in the future to estimate a cancer risk in a wider population and to help verify the difference in cancer risk estimation. |
URI: | http://tdr.lib.ntu.edu.tw/jspui/handle/123456789/63814 |
Fulltext Rights: | 有償授權 |
Appears in Collections: | 職業醫學與工業衛生研究所 |
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