成為工人之後：在孟加拉加工出口區、都市貧民區與NGO的女性權利實作

Abstract

本文從孟加拉的加工出口區、都市貧民區、非政府組織等三個場域，分析對於現今在加工出口工廠工作的女性而言，「成為工人」所引發的權利變化。我描述在女性工人連結多重邊緣性的日常過程中，國家和非政府組織的介入與治理，其中涉及的權力關係和運作形式。一方面，性別秩序、工廠管理、都市空間政治、國家發展計畫等支配性力量的交織與競爭，使女性工人基本權益經歷反覆的失落與重構；另一方面，在非政府組織的活躍下，女性工人以更經驗性、脈絡性的方式認知權利，並因應地方權力關係、權威和行政體系而實踐。論文最後我主張，對女性工人來說維護「作為工人」的權益，與成為「更理想的」女性、公民，時而相互嵌合，彰顯主體能動性的多重演繹。

This paper analyzes the changes in rights caused by 'becoming a worker' for women working in garment factories from three fields: export processing zone, urban slum, and non-governmental organization in Bangladesh. I describe the intervention and governance of the state and NGOs, as well as the social relations and operating forms of power, which are involved in the daily process of female workers linking multiple marginalities. On the one hand, the compound and competition of dominant forces, including gender order, factory management, urban space politics, and national development plans, have caused female workers regularly experience loss and reconstruction of their basic rights. On the other hand, under vibrant NGOs, female workers perceive rights in a more empirical and contextual way, and practice them in response to local relations of power, authorities, and administrative systems. Therefore, at the end of the thesis, I argue that for female workers, striving for basic rights of worker and seeking to become 'more ideal' women and citizens are interlocked with each other from time to time, demonstrating the multiple performance of subject agency.