中國差序公民權的性別意涵初探－北京家政工的研究

Abstract

本論文希望將性別視角帶進中國農民工公民權研究，並聚焦於拓展差序公民權性別向度的討論。本文認為，中國差序公民權的制度性排除機制隨著時空背景的演進轉型成不同的樣貌，它從戶籍福利體制中的城/鄉戶口區隔演變到社會保險體制下的職業類別區分，非正式就業群體僅能享受次等的保險福利。本文試圖透過北京家政工的個案研究來驗證此推論。在中國改革開放之後，北京出現了大規模的家務照護市場，成為眾多農村女性在城市就業的機會；大多數家政工是基於家庭經濟需求而遷移到城市工作，她們的遷移決策仍深受社會性別角色的制約。然而，這群家政工受限於私人雇傭的身份無法享有勞動法的保障，在政府推行以就業為中心的社會保險方案後，也無法以正式勞動者的身份加入城鎮職工保險體系。本研究發現，照護工作女性化與社會保險性別階層化的機制是造成家務照護移工社會公民權受損的結構因素。本文初步驗證，在國家政策脈絡、市場運作、以及社會保險職業區隔機制的交織作用下，家政工著實在公民權體制中，因性別身份而在法律地位、經濟待遇與社會福利方面面臨不平等的待遇，突顯出差序公民權性別向度的內涵。

This paper aims to explore the gender dimension of “Chinese differential citizenship theory” through studying the case of Chinese domestic workers. Most of domestic workers are female rural migrants and the female workers dismissed by state-owned enterprises, who migrated to the city to get employment in order to support their families financially. Drawing on the field work in Beijing and the social welfare policies among migrant workers issued by central administration and the local governments, it is found that Chinese domestic workers are not recognized as formal laborers due to their private employment condition, which keeps them from participating in the urban worker insurance system. This reveals the problem of domestic workers’ vulnerable social rights. This paper argues the fact that domestic workers are placed at bottom of the citizenship regime is related to feminization of care work and gender stratification of social insurance. The function of institutional exclusion mechanism embedded in the differential citizenship regime has changed from urban/rural segregation to employment-related separation since the national insurance system was implemented.