清末民初戲曲改良「論述」之研究──以現代為想像的戲曲建構

Abstract

本論文以清末民初的「戲曲改良論述」為研究對象，包含清末興起的戲曲改良論潮到五四初期《新青年》舊戲批判論述的討論，並將試圖分析「論述」的產生、形塑與目的。 清末，急於尋求救國之路的知識份子們，總是打著現代的大旗，卻依著各異的解讀，賦予戲曲不同的詮釋，無論是戲曲的改進、發揚與摧毀，都成為解決現實困境的良方。多樣的戲曲論述說明的不僅是立場的對抗，其背後更突顯了關於戲曲的詮釋其實一直牢牢依附在對「現代」、對世界的不同詮釋上。至今，對戲曲而言，追尋現代化仍是當務之急，因此關於現代想像與戲曲的關係，戲曲的「現代性」是以什麼樣的標準界定，始終很少被檢視。「論述」研究的角度，或許可以提供一個新的方向。 自十九世紀末葉，戲曲因具有「啟蒙」的功效，躍上知識份子的論述舞台開始，從戲曲影響的社會成效，到戲曲實際在觀眾身上的運作效果，一步步前進到戲曲本身，從外而內，「論述」構築了對戲曲的知識、形塑了知識份子的態度，並更進一步地規劃了我們對未來戲曲的想像。究其根本，無論是相信戲曲改良社會的可能，或否定戲曲的一切形式，種種「論述」為的都是捕獲，將難以言說的戲曲控制在話語底下。從「論述」詮釋的角度切入，觀察現代性話語的運作模式，不僅呈現了「論述」之於現代戲曲發展的重要性，也更能貼近當時文字場域與作者之間交互影響的整體樣貌。

This thesis discusses the discourses of the 'amendment' of Xiqu from 1900s to 1910s, containing the articles from Liang Qichao and other contemporaries who promoted novel and Xiqu, and from New Youth Magazine, which was in opposition to conserving Xiqu. Instead of focusing on what they said, I try to observe the whole context and analyze the intention of discoursing. In the Late Qing, the intellectuals had some disputes toward Xiqu. They took diversified attitudes because they believed different solutions to changing the reality of being annexed. Also, their solutions were related to the interpretation of modernity and the world, which means, their inception of the modernity influenced the way they thought of Xiqu, and the way Xiqu should take. However, the study of Xiqu usually neglects this point of view since Xiqu is often thought as the traditional, which has no connection with the modernity. They overlook the importance of the imagination of modernity for constructing and interpreting Xiqu. To find out more possibilities, I think the concept of discourse can help present the process of shaping and discover the purpose. I attempt to present that from the effect Xiqu influenced the society, the relationship between Xiqu and audience, to the Xiqu form, the discourses progressively constructing the concept of Xiqu. Consequently, revisiting the discourses would provide more clues for understanding the development of Xiqu in the early 20th century.