我國身心障礙就業促進類社會企業－NPO型與公司型之比較

Abstract

面臨全球化勞動市場競爭激烈，弱勢族群(尤其是身心障礙者)經常被就業市場排除，獲取就業機會較為困難，如何促進身心障礙者就業成為重要課題。臺灣有越來越多社會企業投入促進身心障礙者就業之行列中，起先為非營利組織嘗試以設立庇護工場的形式幫助身心障礙者。後來越來越多個人、機構創立公司型態的社會企業，但發展身心障礙就業促進類的社會企業並非易事。 本研究試圖瞭解我國NPO型及公司型身心障礙就業促進類社會企業成立之原因、任務與其經營事項、在政策法令環境面向、人力與財務資源面向、管理與企業關係面向所遭遇的困境。並採取文獻資料分析法與半結構式深度訪談法作為研究方法。 研究結果發現，我國NPO型社會企業起源早於公司型；NPO型經營項目同質性高，公司型相對多元；NPO型不自我認定為社企。NPO型更加仰賴政府，公司型較為獨立自強。二者都致力於進行身心障礙員工的工作融合、職務再設計，善用輔具便於各司其職，但都有人才難覓以及人員專業不足的困境。NPO型反對訂定專法，公司型全部支持專法，對於政府的法令限制都有抱怨，二者財務運用上相對保守，都不會向銀行貸款或接納創投，皆面臨行銷問題，都重視產品或服務的品質，且積極與企業建立合作關係。 最後，本研究建議政府：1. 應明確社會企業定義。 2. 改變補助思維，開拓募資管道。3. 整合資源，並拓展國際鏈結。4. 簡化行政繁文縟節，以夥伴心態對待社會企業。5. 培育社會企業相關人才。6.協助社會企業開創經營新藍海，並發展行銷策略。

Abstract In the face of fierce competition from the globalization of the labor market, disadvantaged groups, in particular people with disabilities, are often found excluded from the employment market. They are more difficult in securing job opportunities. Thus disability employment promotion has become an important issue. In Taiwan, more and more social enterprises engage themselves in promoting the employment of the disabled. At first, non-profit organizations tried to set up sheltered workshops to assist the disabled. Later, more and more individuals, institutions set up corporate-type social enterprises. However, developing disability employment social enterprises is not easy. The research attempts to understand the reasons, missions, and business items of the NPO-type and corporate-type disability employment social enterprises. Meanwhile, the research hopes to know about the challenges that the NPO-type and corporate-type disability employment social enterprises face in the aspect of policy and rules, human resources and financial resources, management and business relationship. The data was collected by employing the documentary approach and the semi-structured interview approach. The results of this study were as follows: The NPO-type social enterprises originated earlier than the corporate-type.Business items of the NPO-type are homogeneous while the corporate -type displays more diversity. The NPO-type don’t regard themselves as the social enterprises. The NPO-type rely more on the government while the corporate-type are more independent. Both of the NPO-type and corporate-type endeavor in undertaking the work integration, the job redesign of the disabled workers and making good use of assistive devices in order to perform their duties well. They all face the difficulty of finding the talents and inadequate staff. The NPO-type oppose making special laws and corporate-type support the special laws. They make complaints about the government rules and regulations. They are conservative in financial management and do not seek bank loans and venture capitals. They all have poor marketing strategies and place a high value on the quality of their goods and services. They establish cooperation relationship with enterprises. . Finally, the recommendations were as follows: 1. The government should make the definition of the social enterprise clear. 2. The government should change its thinking about subsidy programs, and diversify its fundraising approaches. 3.The government should integrate the resources and strengthen ties with the international communities. 4. The government should simplify the red tapes and treat social enterprises as partners. 5. The government should nurture social enterprise talents. 6. The government should assist social enterprises create blue sea markets and develop marketing strategies.