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| DC 欄位 | 值 | 語言 |
|---|---|---|
| dc.contributor.advisor | 周蓮香(Lien-Siang Chou) | |
| dc.contributor.author | Da-Mien Wong | en |
| dc.contributor.author | 王達勉 | zh_TW |
| dc.date.accessioned | 2021-06-16T08:44:46Z | - |
| dc.date.available | 2018-09-02 | |
| dc.date.copyright | 2013-09-02 | |
| dc.date.issued | 2013 | |
| dc.date.submitted | 2013-08-20 | |
| dc.identifier.citation | References 1
Berg, C. C. 1989. Classification and distribution of Ficus. Experientia, 45, 605-611. Boucek, Z., Watsham, A. & Wiebes, J. T. 1981. The fig wasp fauna of the receptacles of Ficus thonningii (Hymenoptera, Chalcidoidea). Tijd. Voor Entomol., 124, 149-233. Briffa, M. & Elwood, R. W. 2004. Use of energy reserves in fighting hermit crabs. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Series B, 271, 373-379. Clutton-Brock, T. H., Albon, S. D., Gibson, R. M. & Guinness, F. E. 1979. The logical stag: Adaptive aspects of fighting in red deer (Cervus elaphus L.). Animal Behaviour, 27, 211-225. Compton, S. G., Rasplus, J. Y. & Ware, A. B. 1994. African fig wasps parasitoid communities. In: Hawkins, B. & Sheehan, W. (eds) Parasitoid Community Ecology. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 323-348. Cook, J. M., Compton, S. G., Herre, E. A. & West, S. A. 1997. Alternative mating tactics and extreme male dimorphism in fig wasps. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Series B, Biological Sciences, 264, 747-754. Cook, J. M. & Rasplus, J. Y. 2003. Mutualists with attitude: coevolving fig wasps and figs. Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 18, 241-248. Davies, N. B. 1978. Territorial defense in the speckled wood butterfly (Pararge aegeria): The resident always wins. Animal Behaviour, 26, 138-147. Emlen, D. J. 1996. Artificial selection on horn body length size allometry in the horned beetle Onthophagus acuminatus (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae). Evolution, 50, 1219-1230. Emlen, D. J. 1997. Alternative reproductive tactics and male dimophism in the horned beetle Onthophagus acuminatus (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae). Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 41, 335-341. Galil, J. & Eisikowitch, D. 1968. On the pollination ecology of Ficus sycomorus in East Africa. Ecology, 49, 259-269. Gross, M. R. 1996. Alternative reproductive strategies and tactics: diversity within sexes. Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 11, 92-98. Hamilton, W. D. 1979. Wingless and fighting males in fig wasps and other insects. In: Blum, M. S. & Blum, N. A. (eds) Sexual Selection And Reproductive Competition In Insects. New York: Academic Press, pp. 167-220. Issa, F. A. & Edwards, D. H. 2006. Ritualized submission and the reduction of aggression in an invertebrate. Current Biology, 16, 2217-2221. Kelly, C. D. & Godin, J. G. J. 2001. Predation risk reduces male-male sexual competition in the Trinidadian guppy (Poecilia reticulata). Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 51, 95-100. Kerdelhue, C., Rossi, J. P. & Rasplus J. Y. 2000. Comparative community ecology studies on old world fig and fig wasps. Ecology, 81, 2832-2849. Kjellberg, F., Jousselin, E., Bronstein, J. L., Patel, A., Yokoyama, J. & Rasplus, J. Y. 2001. Pollination mode in fig wasps: the predictive power of correlated traits. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Series B, 268, 1113-1121. Lambert, F. R. & Marshall, A. G. 1991. Keystone characteristics of bird-dispersed Ficus in a Malaysian lowland rain forest. Journal of Ecology, 79, 793-809. LeBoeuf, B. J. 1974. Male-male competition and reproductive success in elephant seals. American Zoologist, 14, 163-176. Machado, C. A., Jousselin, E., Kjellberg, F., Compton, S. G. & Herre, E. A. 2001. Phylogenetic relationships, historical biogeography and character evolution of fig-pollinating wasps. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Series B, 268, 685-694. Maynard Smith, J. & Price, G. R. 1973. The logic of animal conflict. Nature, 246, 15-18. Maynard Smith, J. & Parker, G. A. 1976. The logic of asymmetric contests. Animal Behaviour, 24, 159-175. McCann, T. S. 1981. Aggression and sexual activity of male southern elephant seals. Journal of Zoology, 195, 295-310. Plaistow, S. J., Johnstone, R. A., Colegrave, N. & Spencer, M. 2004. Evolution of alternative mating tactics: conditional versus mixed strategies. Behavioral Ecology, 15, 534-542. Ramirez, B. W. 1974. Coevolution of Ficus and Agaonidae. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden, 61, 770-780. Rasplus, J. Y., Kerdelhue, C., Le Clainche, I. & Mondor, G. 1998. Molecular phylogeny of fig wasps Agaonidae are not monophyletic. Comptes Rendus de l’Academie Des Sciences, Serie Ii, Sciences de la Vie, 321, 517-327. Sinervo, B. & Lively, C. M. 1996. The rock-scissors-paper game and the evolution of alternative mating strategies. Nature, 380, 240-243. Tomkins, J. L. 1999. Environmental and genetic determinants of the male forceps length dimorphism in the European earwig Forticula auricularia L. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 47, 1-8. Tzeng, H. Y., Tseng, L. J., Ou, C. H., Lu, K. C., Lu, F. Y. & Chou, L. S. 2008. Confirmation of the parasitoid feeding habit in Sycoscapter and their impact on pollinator abundance in Ficus formosana. Symbiosis, 45, 129-134. Valdeyron, G. & Lloyd D. G. 1979. Sex differences and flowering phenology in the common fig, Ficus carica L. Evolution, 33, 673-685. Vanhooydonck, B., Herrel, A. Y., van Damme, R. & Irschick, D. J. 2005. Does dewlap size predict male bite performance in Jamaican Anolis lizards? Functional Ecology, 19, 38-42. Ware, A. B. & Compton, S. G. 1994. Responses of fig wasps to host-plant volatile cues. Journal of Chemical Ecology, 20, 785-802. Weiblen, G. D. 2002. How to be a fig wasp. Annual Review of Entomology, 47, 299-330. West, S. A., Herre, E. A., Windsor, D. M. & Green, P. R. S. 1996. The ecology and evolution of the New World non-pollinating fig wasp communities. Journal of Biogeography, 23, 337-458. References 2 Bean, D. & Cook, J. M. 2001. Male mating tactics and lethal combat in the nonpollinating fig wasp Sycoscapter australis. Animal Behaviour, 62, 535-542. Berg, C. C. 1989. Classification and distribution of Ficus. Experientia 45, 605-611. Boucek, Z., Watsham, A. & Wiebes, J. T. 1981. The fig wasp fauna of the receptacles of Ficus thonningii (Hymenoptera, Chalcidoidea). Tijdschrift voor Entomologie, 124, 149-233. Briffa, M. & Elwood, R. W. 2004. Use of energy reserves in fighting hermit crabs. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Series B, 271, 373-379. Clutton-Brock, T. H., Albon, S. D., Gibson, R. M. & Guinness, F. E. 1979. The logical stag: Adaptive aspects of fighting in red deer (Cervus elaphus L.). Animal Behaviour, 27, 211-225. Compton, S. G., Rasplus, J. Y. & Ware, A. B. 1994. African fig wasps parasitoid communities. In: Hawkins, B. & Sheehan, W. (eds) Parasitoid Community Ecology. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 323-348. Cook, J. M., Compton, S. G., Herre, E. A. & West, S. A. 1997. Alternative mating tactics and extreme male dimorphism in fig wasps. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Series B, Biological Sciences, 264, 747-754. Cook, J. M., Bean, D. & Power, S. A. 1999. Fatal fighting in fig wasps: GBH in time and space. Tends in Ecology and Evolution, 14, 257-259. Cook, J. M. & Rasplus, J. Y. 2003. Mutualists with attitude: coevolving fig wasps and figs. Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 18, 241-248. Davies, N. B. 1978. Territorial defense in the speckled wood butterfly (Pararge aegeria): The resident always wins. Animal Behaviour, 26, 138-147. Emlen, D. J. 1996. Artificial selection on horn body length size allometry in the horned beetle Onthophagus acuminatus (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae). Evolution, 50, 1219-1230. Emlen, D. J. 1997. Alternative reproductive tactics and male dimophism in the horned beetle Onthophagus acuminatus (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae). Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 41, 335-341. Enquist, M. & Leimar, O. 1990. The evolution of fatal fighting. Animal Behaviour, 39, 1-9. Gadgil, M. 1972. Male dimorphism as a consequence of sexual selection. American Naturalist, 106, 574-580. Grandi, G. 1930. Monographia del gen. Philotrypesis Forst. Boll. Lab. Entomol. Bologna, 3, 1-181. Greeff, J. M. 1995. Offspring allocation in structured populations with dimorphic males. Evolutionary Ecology, 9, 550-558. Greeff, J. M. & Ferguson, W. H. 1999. Mating ecology of the nonpollinating fig wasps of Ficus ingens. Animal Behaviour, 57, 215-222. Greeff, J. M., van Noort, S., Rasplus, J. Y. & Kjellberg, F. 2003. Dispersal and fighting in male pollinating fig wasps. Comptes Rendus Biologies, 326, 121-130. Griffin, A. S. & West, S. A. 2002. Kin selection: fact and fiction. Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 17, 15-21. Gross, M. R. 1996. Alternative reproductive strategies and tactics: diversity within sexes. Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 11, 92-98. Hamilton, W. D. 1967. Extraordinary sex ratios. Science, 156, 477-488. Hamilton, W. D. 1979. Wingless and fighting males in fig wasps and other insects. In: Blum, M. S. & Blum, N. A. (eds) Sexual Selection And Reproductive Competition In Insects. New York: Academic Press, pp. 167-220. Herre, E. A. & West, S. A. 1997. Conflict of interest in a mutualism: documenting the elusive fig wasp seed trade-off. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Series B, Biological Science, 264, 1501-1507. Innocent, T. M., West, S. A., Sanderson, J. L., Hyrkkanen, N. & Reece, S. E. 2011. Lethal combat over limited resources: testing the importance of competitors and kin. Behavioral Ecology, 22, 923-931. Issa, F. A. & Edwards, D. H. 2006. Ritualized submission and the reduction of aggression in an invertebrate. Current Biology, 16, 2217-2221. Joseph, K.J. 1954. Contributions to our knowledge of fig insects (Chalcidoidea: parasitic Hymenoptera) from India. V. On seven species of the genus Philotrypesis Forst with a note on unisexual variation and polymorphism. Agra Univ. J. Res, III, 43-94. Jousselin, E., Rasplus, J. Y. & Kjellberg, F. 2001. Shift to mutualism in parasitic lineages of fig/fig wasps interaction. Oikos, 94, 287-294. Jousselin, E., van Noort, S. & Greeff, J. M. 2004. Labile male morphology and intraspecific male polymorphism in the Philotrypesis fig wasps. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 33, 706-718. Kelly, C. D. & Godin, J. G. J. 2001. Predation risk reduces male-male sexual competition in the Trinidadian guppy (Poecilia reticulata). Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 51, 95-100. Kerdelhue, C., Rossi, J. P. & Rasplus J. Y. 2000. Comparative community ecology studies on old world fig and fig wasps. Ecology, 81, 2832-2849. Kjellberg, F., Jousselin, E., Bronstein, J. L., Patel, A., Yokoyama, J. & Rasplus, J. Y. 2001. Pollination mode in fig wasps: the predictive power of correlated traits. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Series B, 268, 1113-1121. Lambert, F. R. & Marshall, A. G. 1991. Keystone characteristics of bird-dispersed Ficus in a Malaysian lowland rain forest. Journal of Ecology, 79, 793-809. LeBoeuf, B. J. 1974. Male-male competition and reproductive success in elephant seals. American Zoologist, 14, 163-176. Machado, C. A., Jousselin, E., Kjellberg, F., Compton, S. G. & Herre, E. A. 2001. Phylogenetic relationships, historical biogeography and character evolution of fig-pollinating wasps. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Series B, 268, 685-694. McCann, T. S. 1981. Aggression and sexual activity of male southern elephant seals. Journal of Zoology, 195, 295-310. Moore, J. C., Pienaar, J., & Greeff, J. M. 2004. Male morphological variation and the determinants of body size in two Otiteselline fig wasps. Behavioral Ecology, 15, 735-741. Moore, J. C., Obbard, D. J., Reuter, C., West, S. A., & Cook, J. M. 2008. Fighting strategies in two species of fig wasp. Animal Behaviour, 76, 315-322. Moore, J. C., Obbard, D. J., Reuter, C., West, S. A., & Cook, J. M. 2009. Male morphology and dishonest signalling in fig wasp. Animal Behaviour, 78, 147-153. Murray, M. G. 1987. The closed environment of the fig receptacle and its influence on male conflict in the Old World fig wasp, Philotrypesis pilosa. Animal Behaviour, 35, 488-506. Murray, M. G. 1989. Environmental constraints on fighting in flightless male fig wasps. Animal Behaviour, 38, 186-193. Murray, M. G. 1990. Comparative morphology and mate competition of flightless male fig wasps. Animal Behaviour, 39, 434-443. Pienaar, J. & Greeff, J. M. 2003a. Different male morphs of Otitesella pseudoserrata fig wasps have equal fitness but are not determined by different alleles. Ecology Letters, 6, 286-289. Pienaar, J. & Greeff, J. M. 2003b. Maternal control of offspring sex and male morphology in the Otitesella fig wasps. Journal of Evolutionary Biology, 16, 244-253. Plaistow, S. J., Johnstone, R. A., Colegrave, N. & Spencer, M. 2004. Evolution of alternative mating tactics: conditional versus mixed strategies. Behavioral Ecology, 15, 534-542. Rasplus, J. Y., Kerdelhue, C., Le Clainche, I. & Mondor, G. 1998. Molecular phylogeny of fig wasps Agaonidae are not monophyletic. Comptes Rendus de l’Academie Des Sciences, Serie Ii, Sciences de la Vie, 321, 517-327. Sinervo, B. & Lively, C. M. 1996. The rock-scissors-paper game and the evolution of alternative mating strategies. Nature, 380, 240-243. Smith, J. M. 1982. Evolution and the theory of games. Cambridge University Press, UK. Tomkins, J. L. 1999. Environmental and genetic determinants of the male forceps length dimorphism in the European earwig Forticula auricularia L. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 47, 1-8. Trivers, R. L. & Willard, D. E. 1973. Natural selection of parental ability to vary the sex ratio of offspring. Science, 179, 90-92. Tzeng, H. Y., Tseng, L. J., Ou, C. H., Lu, K. C., Lu, F. Y. & Chou, L. S. 2008. Confirmation of the parasitoid feeding habit in Sycoscapter and their impact on pollinator abundance in Ficus formosana. Symbiosis, 45, 129-134. van Noort, S. & Compton, S. G. 1996. Convergent evolution of agaonine and sycoecine (Agaonidae, Chalcidoidea) head shape in response to the constraints of host fig morphology. Journal of Biogeography, 23, 415-424. van Noort, S. & Rasplus, J. Y. 1997. Revision of the otiteselline fig wasps (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Agaonidae), I: the Otitesella digitata species-group of the Afrotropical region, with a key to Afrotropical species of Otitesella Westwood. African Entomology, 5, 125-147. Vanhooydonck, B., Herrel, A. Y., van Damme, R. & Irschick, D. J. 2005. Does dewlap size predict male bite performance in Jamaican Anolis lizards? Functional Ecology, 19, 38-42. Vincent, S. L. 1991. Polymorphism and fighting in male fig wasps. PhD Thesis, Rhodes University, Grahamstown. Ware, A. B. & Compton, S. G. 1994. Responses of fig wasps to host-plant volatile cues. Journal of Chemical Ecology, 20, 785-802. Weiblen, G. D., Yu, D. W. & West, S. A. 2001. Pollination and parasitism in functionally dioecious figs. Proceedings of the Royal Society London B, 268, 651-659. Weiblen, G. D. 2002. How to be a fig wasp. Annual Review of Entomology, 47, 299-330. West, S. A., Herre, E. A., Windsor, D. M. & Green, P. R. S. 1996. The ecology and evolution of the New World non-pollinating fig wasp communities. Journal of Biogeography, 23, 337-458. West, S. A., Murray, M. G., Machado, C. A., Griffin, A. S. & Herre, E. A. 2001. Testing Hamilton’s rule with competition between relatives. Nature, 409, 510-513. West, S. A., Pen, I. & Griffin, A. S. 2002. Cooperation and competition between relatives. Science, 296, 72-75. References 3 Boucek, Z., Watsham, A. & Wiebes, J. T. 1981. The fig wasp fauna of the receptacles of Ficus thonningii (Hymenoptera, Chalcidoidea). Tijd. Voor Entomol., 124, 149-233. Cook, J. M., Compton, S. G., Herre, E. A. & West, S. A. 1997. Alternative mating tactics and extreme male dimorphism in fig wasps. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Series B, Biological Sciences, 264, 747-754. Gadgil, M. 1972. Male dimorphism as a consequence of sexual selection. American Naturalist, 106, 574-580. Grandi, G. 1930. Monographia del gen. Philotrypesis Forst. Boll. Lab. Entomol. Bologna, 3, 1-181. Greeff, J. M. 1995. Offspring allocation in structured populations with dimorphic males. Evolutionary Ecology, 9, 550-558. Greeff, J. M. & Ferguson, W. H. 1999. Mating ecology of the nonpollinating fig wasps of Ficus ingens. Animal Behaviour, 57, 215-222. Hamilton, W. D. 1979. Wingless and fighting males in fig wasps and other insects. In: Blum, M. S. & Blum, N. A. (eds) Sexual Selection And Reproductive Competition In Insects. New York: Academic Press, pp. 167-220. Joseph, K.J. 1954. Contributions to our knowledge of fig insects (Chalcidoidea: parasitic Hymenoptera) from India. V. On seven species of the genus Philotrypesis Forst with a note on unisexual variation and polymorphism. Agra Univ. J. Res, III, 43-94. Jousselin, E., van Noort, S. & Greeff, J. M. 2004. Labile male morphology and intraspecific male polymorphism in the Philotrypesis fig wasps. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 33, 706-718. Maynard Smith, J. & Parker, G. A. 1976. The logic of asymmetric contests. Animal Behaviour, 24, 159-175. Moore, J. C., Pienaar, J., & Greeff, J. M. 2004. Male morphological variation and the determinants of body size in two Otiteselline fig wasps. Behavioral Ecology, 15, 735-741. Moore, J. C., Obbard, D. J., Reuter, C., West, S. A., & Cook, J. M. 2009. Male morphology and dishonest signalling in fig wasp. Animal Behaviour, 78, 147-153. Murray, M. G. 1987. The closed environment of the fig receptacle and its influence on male conflict in the Old World fig wasp, Philotrypesis pilosa. Animal Behaviour, 35, 488-506. Murray, M. G. 1989. Environmental constraints on fighting in flightless male fig wasps. Animal Behaviour, 38, 186-193. Murray, M. G. 1990. Comparative morphology and mate competition of flightless male fig wasps. Animal Behaviour, 39, 434-443. van Noort, S. & Compton, S. G. 1996. Convergent evolution of agaonine and sycoecine (Agaonidae, Chalcidoidea) head shape in response to the constraints of host fig morphology. Journal of Biogeography, 23, 415-424. van Noort, S. & Rasplus, J. Y. 1997. Revision of the otiteselline fig wasps (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Agaonidae), I: the Otitesella digitata species-group of the Afrotropical region, with a key to Afrotropical species of Otitesella Westwood. African Entomology, 5, 125-147. Vincent, S. L. 1991. Polymorphism and fighting in male fig wasps. PhD Thesis, Rhodes University, Grahamstown. | |
| dc.identifier.uri | http://tdr.lib.ntu.edu.tw/jspui/handle/123456789/59017 | - |
| dc.description.abstract | Fighting to the death over limited resources is an extreme behaviour in nature. In general, animals do not engage in all-out fights to the limit of their abilities. However, lethal fighting is a common component of mate competition between males of some species of fig-associated wasps. I investigated fighting injuries in three species of fig wasps which are found in the syconia of Ficus benguetensis. It is notable that no Ceratosolen wui males were known to engage in fighting. In contrast, fighting amongst Philotrypesis and Sycoscapter males could lead to serious injuries such as laceration, amputation and decapitation. The male biased syconium sex ratio (SSR) in Philotrypesis and Sycoscapter may have been conducive to extreme fighting. Surprisingly, all three species of males wasps emerged from their natal syconia, which opposes the general assumption that wingless male fig wasps do not disperse. This evidenced male emergence may be followed by a reduction in aggression.
Fig wasps display a wide range of variation in their morphologies and mating strategies. The variation can be so extreme that conspecific winged and wingless males have sometimes been mistaken for different species or even genera. In my study, the mandible lengths of Philotrypesis showed a positive relationship with head width and were continuously distributed. However, the mandible lengths of Sycoscapter showed a positive but discontinuous relationship with head width, indicating that the morph consisted of two types of individuals. As opposed to the prediction, no clear pattern could be found between the body size and risk of injury in Philotrypesis and Sycoscapeter. Small males did not seem to suffer more severe injuries, so there was no advantage to being large during their mortal combat. | en |
| dc.description.provenance | Made available in DSpace on 2021-06-16T08:44:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ntu-102-R99b44023-1.pdf: 1625266 bytes, checksum: 8fd0018e077bb1b22fee3be64483f45a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 | en |
| dc.description.tableofcontents | Contents
口試委員會審定書 Acknowledgements 1 Abstract 2 Contents 3 Chapter 1: General Introduction 6 Nature of conflict 6 Alternative mating tactics 8 Introducing figs 9 Introducing fig wasps 10 Contents of this thesis 11 References 12 Chapter 2: Fighting Injuries and Male Emergence in Fig Wasps 16 ABSTRACT 16 INTRODUCTION 17 Factors correlated with lethal fighting 17 Statements of goals 20 METHODS 21 Study species 21 Data collection 22 Injury level within syconium 23 Factors correlated with injury 23 Factors correlated with male emergence 24 RESULTS 24 Population data 24 Injury level within syconium 25 Factors correlated with injury 25 Factors correlated with male emergence 26 DISCUSSION 26 Fighting amongst males 26 Emergence in males 28 Tables 30 Figures 33 References 44 Chapter 3: Risk of Injury and Body Size in Male Fig Wasps 50 ABSTRACT 50 INTRODUCTION 51 Morph determination 52 Statement of goals 53 METHODS 54 Study species 54 Data collection 54 Morphological variation in males 55 Body size, risk of injury and male emergence 55 RESULTS Morphological variation in males 56 Body size, risk of injury and male emergence 56 DISCUSSION 57 Morphological variation in males 57 Body size and risk of injury 57 Body size and male emergence 58 Figures 60 References 66 Chapter 4: Conclusion 68 Part I: Pollinating fig wasp 68 Part II: Nonpollinating fig wasps 69 | |
| dc.language.iso | en | |
| dc.subject | 豬母乳 | zh_TW |
| dc.subject | 榕小蜂 | zh_TW |
| dc.subject | 打鬥傷害 | zh_TW |
| dc.subject | 雄蟲出果 | zh_TW |
| dc.subject | 體型大小 | zh_TW |
| dc.subject | Ficus benguetensis | en |
| dc.subject | fig wasps | en |
| dc.subject | fighting injuries | en |
| dc.subject | male emergence | en |
| dc.subject | body size | en |
| dc.title | 臺灣產豬母乳之榕小蜂打鬥傷害 | zh_TW |
| dc.title | Fighting Injuries of Fig Wasps (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Sycoryctinae) associated with Ficus benguetensis in Taiwan | en |
| dc.type | Thesis | |
| dc.date.schoolyear | 101-2 | |
| dc.description.degree | 碩士 | |
| dc.contributor.oralexamcommittee | 蕭旭峰(Shiuh-Feng Shiao),許鈺鸚(Yu-Ying Hsu),楊正澤(Jeng-Tze Yang) | |
| dc.subject.keyword | 豬母乳,榕小蜂,打鬥傷害,雄蟲出果,體型大小, | zh_TW |
| dc.subject.keyword | Ficus benguetensis,fig wasps,fighting injuries,male emergence,body size, | en |
| dc.relation.page | 69 | |
| dc.rights.note | 有償授權 | |
| dc.date.accepted | 2013-08-22 | |
| dc.contributor.author-college | 生命科學院 | zh_TW |
| dc.contributor.author-dept | 生態學與演化生物學研究所 | zh_TW |
| 顯示於系所單位： | 生態學與演化生物學研究所 | |
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