都市公園品質、環境知覺與休閒活動參與對中高齡者主觀幸福感之影響

Abstract

退休後，人需面對生活型態的轉變以及身體機能老化帶來的種種不便，諸多的壓力都可能對中高齡者帶來情緒憂鬱、幸福感低落等心理健康上的問題。因臺灣的高齡化程度逐年提升，高齡者的相關權益自然更是受到關切。過去研究證實自然環境可降低壓力、憂鬱，以及提升生活滿意度、幸福感等效益。此外，休閒活動的參與也有相同效益。在都市中，公園為最常見的自然休閒活動空間，可知公園對中高齡族群生心理健康的維護非常重要。但值得探討的是，若在不同的公園環境品質中，中高齡者的環境知覺、休閒活動參與和主觀幸福感之間的關係是否會有所改變？ 本研究採用跨層次的架構，探討群體層級(如都市公園品質)對個體層級(如中高齡者的環境知覺、休閒活動參與對主觀幸福感的影響)的影響。先採用鄰里綠地工具（NGST）針對臺北市大安區的19座公園進行實質環境品質評估，並在各公園中以現地隨機問卷的方式訪談共380位55歲以上的中高齡者。 研究結果顯示，在個體層級的探討中，中高齡者的環境知覺、休閒活動持續時間對生活滿意度有正向影響；環境知覺、休閒活動頻率對憂鬱情緒有負向影響。在群體層級的分析，都市公園的品質越高越有助於提升中高齡者的生活滿意度與降低憂鬱情緒。但在跨層次交互作用分析結果上，中高齡者的環境知覺、休閒活動參與對主觀幸福感的影響不會因為都市公園品質不同而改變。因此進一步將都市公園品質細分成NGST中的五項特徵來探討，發現環境知覺對生活滿意度的影響會受到公園可及性、便利設施、非文明行為的品質所調節；環境知覺對憂鬱情緒的影響會受到公園非文明行為的品質所調節；而休閒活動頻率對憂鬱情緒的影響會受到公園可及性的品質所調節。因此發現，中高齡者主觀幸福感會受到公園特定特徵所影響，故在未來公園的設計或維護管理上，針對這些特徵做為重點考量，將有助於提升中高齡者的主觀幸福感。

After retirement, people have to face the changes in life style and the inconveniences caused by aging of body functions. Many kinds stresses may bring mental health problems such as emotional depression and low happiness to middle-aged and elderly people. As the aging of population in Taiwan, the related rights and interests of the elderly are naturally more concerned. Past research has shown that the natural environment can reduce stress, depression, and increase life satisfaction, happiness, and other benefits. In addition, the participation in leisure activities has the same benefits. In cities, parks are the most common natural leisure space. It can be seen that parks are very important for maintaining the mental health of middle-aged and elderly people. It is worth discussing whether the relationship between environmental perception, leisure activities participation, and subjective well-being of middle-aged and elderly people will change in different park environment qualities or not? This study uses a cross-level framework to explore the impact of group levels (such as urban park quality) on individual levels (such as the impact of environmental perception and leisure activity participation on subjective well-being of middle-aged and elderly people). First, the Neighborhood Green Space Tool (NGST) was used to evaluate the substantive environmental quality of 19 parks in Da’an District of Taipei City. Then, a total of 380 middle-aged and elderly people over 55 years old were random interviewed by on-site questionnaires. The research results show that in the discussion at the individual level, the environmental perception and leisure activity duration of middle-aged and elderly people have a positive impact on life satisfaction; the environmental perception and leisure activity frequency of middle-aged and elderly people have a negative impact on depressive mood. The analysis at the group level confirmed that the higher the urban park quality, the more helpful it is to improve the life satisfaction and the reduce depression of middle-aged and elderly people. However, in terms of cross-level interaction analysis results, the influence of environmental perception and leisure activity participation on the subjective well-being of middle-aged and elderly people will not change due to the urban park quality. Therefore, the urban park quality was further subdivided into the five major characteristics of NGST, and it was found that the quality of “Access”, “Amenities”, and “Incivilities” as moderators for the influence of environmental perception on life satisfaction; the quality of “Incivilities” as a moderator for the influence of environmental perception on depressive mood, and the quality of the “Access” as a moderator for the influence of leisure activity frequency on depressive mood. From this, it was found that the subjective well-being of middle-aged and elderly people will be affected by specific characteristics of the park. So, in the design or maintenance management of future parks, focusing on these characteristics will help to enhance the subjective well-being of middle-aged and elderly people.