國際財務報導準則第九號之避險會計研究與彙總暴險之釋例

Abstract

在2013年11月，IASB正式發布新的避險會計規範，其目的係強化避險會計處理與風險管理活動之連結。新避險會計模式開放更多風險管理活動得以適用避險會計處理、加強財務報表表達與揭露、以及減少過於複雜的會計處理，以協助使用者了解避險活動的影響以及評估未來現金流量。本文將介紹新舊避險會計模式之重大差異規範，協助讀者快速掌握新避險會計模式之目的以及規範。 其中IASB開放指定彙總暴險為被避險項目。因而企業可能將原避險關係之避險工具與被避險項目彙總指定為被避險項目，使三個項目或工具間形成兩層避險關係。在兩層避險關係之交互作用下，產生了複雜的會計處理，本文舉二釋例，以說明其中之會計處理。 本文釋例一，介紹避險公司A先後指定公允價值避險以及現金流量避險。在第一層公允價值避險中，避險工具與被避險項目按公允價值衡量且價值變動認列為當期損益。在第二層現金流量避險中，避險工具按公允價值衡量，屬於避險有效之價值變動認列為其他綜合損益，並於被避險項目之現金流量影響當期損益時，將遞延之損益重分類為當期損益；而被避險項目(彙總第一層衍生工具與被避險項目之暴險)則按照原會計處理，故應採公允價值避險會計處理，以公允價值衡量且價值變動認列為當期損益。不論在釋例一的公允價值避險或現金流量避險，其會計處理與過去所學較無重大不同。 本文釋例二，則介紹避險公司B先後指定現金流量避險以及公允價值避險。在第一層現金流量避險中，避險工具按公允價值衡量，屬於避險有效之價值變動認列為其他綜合損益，並於被避險項目之現金流量影響當期損益時，將累計之其他綜合損益重分類為當期損益；而被避險項目(為一美金計價之浮動利息之負債)則按照原會計處理，故應採攤銷後成本衡量且期末按即期匯率換算。而在第二層公允價值避險中，避險工具與被避險項目(彙總第一層衍生工具與被避險項目之暴險)按公允價值衡量且價值變動認列為當期損益。因此應將累計其他綜合損益餘額重分類至當期損益。該部分會計處理是舊避險會計模式不會發生的，也是本文欲釐清並詳述的會計處理環節。

In November 2013, IASB published new hedge accounting requirements which purpose attempts to more closely align hedged accounting with risk management activities. The new model of hedged accounting has the following characteristic. Firstly, the model allows more types of risk management activities to be applied to hedge accounting treatment. Secondly, the model enhances presentation and disclosure of financial statements. Lastly, the new model reduces overly complex accounting treatments. Accordingly, it helps users understand the impact of hedging activities on financial statements and helps the assessment of future cash flows. This article discusses the significant differences between the previous and latest hedge accounting models. Meanwhile, it helps readers quickly grasp the purpose and the requirements of the new hedge accounting model. New hedge accounting model allows aggregated exposure to be designated as hedged items, so entity may designate hedging instruments and hedged items in aggregated exposure of basis as hedged item. Therefore, three items or instruments are designated two hedging relationships. The interactive effect of dual-layered hedging relationship results in a complex accounting treatment. In this article, two cases are presented to illustrate the accounting treatments. In the first case, fair value hedge and cash flow hedge are sequently designated. Then, in cash flow hedge both the instrument and the item are jointly designated as hedged items (i.e. aggregated exposure) in the second hedging relationship. In the first hedging relationship, the hedging instrument and hedged item should be measured at fair value under fair value hedge, and the gain or loss should be recognized in profit or loss. In the second hedging relationship, the cash flow hedge, the hedging instruments should be also measured at fair value. However, the portion of the gain or loss arising from effective hedge should be recognized in other comprehensive income. The amount of accumulated other comprehensive income in cash flow reserve should be reclassified to profit or loss as a reclassification adjustment in the periods during which the hedged expected future cash flows affect profit or loss. As for the hedged items (i.e. aggregated exposure), in the second hedging relationship, ordinary accounting treatments are applied, which is to follow fair value hedge accounting treatment. Both of fair value hedge and cash flow hedge in the first case show that there are no significant difference compared with what they have learned in the past. In the second case, cash flow hedge and fair value hedge is designated sequently. Then, in cash flow hedge both the instrument and the item are jointly designated as hedged items (i.e. aggregated exposure) in the second hedging relationship.In the first hedging relationship, the hedging instruments should be measured at fair value. The portion of the gain or loss arising from effective hedge should be recognized in other comprehensive income. The amount of accumulated other comprehensive income in cash flow reserve should be reclassified to profit or loss as a reclassification adjustment in the periods during which the hedged expected future cash flows affect profit or loss. The hedged item (i.e. a variable rate liability which is USD-denominated and a cross-currency swap) is applied ordinary accounting treatments which should be measured at amortized cost and be translated at spot exchange rate at reporting date. In the second hedging relationship, the fair value hedge, the hedging instrument and hedged items, that are the variable rate liability and the cross-currency swap, should be measured at fair value, and the gain or loss should be recognized in profit or loss. Consequently, the amount of accumulated other comprehensive income resulting from the cross-currency swapshould be reclassified to profit or loss as a reclassification adjustment. This issue of mechanics of hedge accounting which this article want to illustrate had never occurred.