影響都市公園陸生繁殖鳥群聚之探討

Abstract

為探討影響都市公園鳥類群聚的重要因子，包含公園面積、森林隔離度、河流隔離度、植生指數、人造物覆蓋比例、樹冠覆蓋比例、與公園中水體之出現，本研究於2013年3月~7月於臺北盆地 (臺北市與新北市) 都市區對100個面積大於1公頃的都市公園，以全部計數法進行三次鳥類群聚調查。利用數位大地影像與地理資訊系統數化各個公園的面積、森林隔離度、河流隔離度、NDVI、人造物覆蓋比例、樹冠覆蓋比例與水體之出現。以廣義線性模型與Akaike’s Information Criterion分析七個重要因子與陸生繁殖鳥和其食性同功群與棲地同功群的鳥種豐富度、鳥類個體密度、與鳥類多樣性的關係。 本研究結果顯示公園面積是影響鳥類豐富度和個體密度的重要因子，較大的公園會有較多的鳥種、與較低的個體密度。水體之出現有助於增加總陸生鳥類豐富度與多樣性，在雜食鳥與廣布鳥同功群中特別明顯。河流隔離度與鳥類豐富度 呈負相關，並在同功群間有不同的效應。人造物覆蓋比例與樹冠覆蓋比例兩者對總陸生鳥類豐富度有負面影響。森林隔離度與植生指數對總陸生繁殖鳥類豐富度沒有影響，但兩者對樹林鳥豐富度與多樣性有正面效應存在。總結來說，公園面積、水體之出現與河流隔離度是主要影響公園鳥類群聚結構的因子，且不同的同功群間對七個重要因子的反應有所不同。所以，根據本研究結果，都市公園規劃者可針對不同經營管理目標採取以下方式：(1) 增加面積時須同時考量公園內部的人造物與樹冠的覆蓋比例皆不宜過高，以避免對鳥類群聚產生負面影響。(2) 考量森林與河流對公園的相對位置能有效提升不同鳥類類群的多樣性。(3) 公園中增設水池能有效增加鳥類豐富度，應納入必要設施之一。(4) 增加都市公園中的灌叢以增加灌叢鳥出現的機會。

Parks are biodiversity hotspots in urban landscape, and has considered as “shelter” of creatures lived in urban. This researchaims to understand the effect of theimportant factors on terrestrial breeding bird communities and its functional guilds in urban parks. Bird community surveys of 100 parks larger than 1 ha in Taipei basin were conducted three times during March to July in 2013 using total counting. I used generalized linear models andAkaike’s Information Criterion to analyze the seven important factors:park area, the degree of isolation of habitat, the degree of isolation of river, vegetation index, artifact coverage, canopy coverage and the presence of water bodies with the bird species richness, bird density, and bird diversity of terrestrial breeding birds and its feeding guilds and habitat guilds. Park area were main factor affected the species richness and density, and larger parks tended to support more species but lower density. Presences of water bodies were found to enhance species richness and diversity, especially in omnivores and generalists guilds. In addition, degree of isolation of river showed negative relations with total species richness and had different responses within habitat guilds. Both artifact coverage and canopy coverage had negative effects on total bird richness. Degree of isolation of habitat and vegetation index did not have significant impacts on total species richness, density, and diversity, but only had positive effect on woodland bird richness and diversity. In conclusion, park area park size, presence of water bodies, and degree of isolation of river affected bird community structure, and different functional guilds had different response to seven important factors.