功能性貨幣選擇決策與對財務報導之影響探究

Abstract

國際資本市場之資訊效率在全球化下大幅提升，市場對跨國企業間財務報導可比較性之需求亦與日俱增。在全球主要經濟體陸續宣佈以直接採用(adoption)或聚合(Convergence)方式接軌國際會計準則(IFRS)編製財務報告下，IFRS已成為世界共通的會計語言。審酌此一國際趨勢，金管會宣佈2013年為第一階段國內上市櫃企業之IFRS採用時程。IFRSs與我國現行財務會計準則公報間存在諸多差異，其中有關功能性貨幣之規定影響廣泛，遂為四大會計師事務所一致認為之重要IFRS轉換議題。本論文以「IAS 21─外匯變動的影響」為起點，聚焦於功能性貨幣之選擇對財務報導影響層面與其決策考量因素，比較IFRSs與現行SAFS對匯率相關報導規定之異同，並以一筆記型電腦產業廠商作為個案，藉由檢視重衡量、換算與表達等財務報導規範，分析功能性貨幣決策對其財務報表可能之影響數，最後，再從內部流程與外部環境的觀點，分析並探討企業面臨功能性貨幣決策所牽涉的主客觀考量因素，綜合以下建議，提供實務界相關決策之參考： 就內部觀點，應首先衡量經濟實質，從而建立集團IFRS報導整合流程、重新設計管理指標與分配管理資源、調整資訊系統與資料倉儲，全盤檢視財務管理政策(如：避險、籌資)與投資擴張決策； 就外部觀點，應全面考量主管機關對各配套法令的制定與調整(包括：財報申報、財稅差異、盈餘分配與認列、外匯有關法規等)，並納入同業之決策作為參考點。

The increasing international capital market efficiency promoted by globalization intensifies the demand on comparable financial reporting among companies in differenent countries. IFRS was indetified as globally accepted financial reporting statndards given that all major economies have established time lines to converge with or adopt IFRSs in the near future. Financial Supervisory Commission of Taiwan also set the first phase of the adoption of IFRS Roadmap to go effective from 2013. Among the numerous differences between IFRSs and current ROC GAAP, fuctional currency was ranked the top priority of accounting issues to confront when adopting IFRSs by the Big Four internatiational audit firms. The research starts off with the comparison between IAS 21- 「The Effects of Changes in Foreign Exchange Rates」and SFAS 14-「Accounting for Foreign Currency Translation」, and focuses its concerns on how functional currency decision impacts on financial reporting and what to consider before decisions being made. In a case study of a notebook manufacturer, the impacts of functional currency on financial reporting were analyzed through the accounting rules of remeasurement, translation and expression. The study also suggests a company could consider its functional currency decision from the following internal and external prospectives: Internally, a company should firstly determine its functional currency on the basis of the real economic of its business; then build up an integrated IFRS reporting system and flows from a group viewpoint; enable its IT system and data warehouse to support IFRSs reporting; redesign the managerial measures and reallocate resources; review the corporate finance strategies including hedging and funding; and, thoroughly study the investment and expansion strategies. Externally, a company should take account of all the ongoing regulation and mandate modifications by the authorities, which include financial report declaration, discrepancies between corportate tax and financial reports, earnings recognition and distribution, foreign exchange regulations and etc. Moreover, the selections made by peer group could serve as reference points to the company’s functional currency decision.