媒體、公共與政治─ 公共新聞學在台灣之實踐與發展經驗之探討

Abstract

1980年代末，美國當時的社會對於政治與媒體感到極度不滿，對公共生活感到厭惡與疏離，加上報業持續慘澹的發行量，因而開啟了媒體的革新，即公共新聞學運動。主要在質疑傳統新聞媒體場域由政治人物與媒體掌控，希望尋求和公民間產生更強的聯結。 台灣約在2005年開始在公共電視內部展開公共新聞學的實驗性計畫，並與審議式民主的操作經驗有所交疊。本研究以探索台灣公共新聞學之發展進程為主軸，公共電視為研究主體，「2006年台北市長選舉審議式辯論會」與「公民眾意院」為探討個案，試圖描述重要的時間點、行為者以及個案內容如何展現公共新聞學的原則與精神。這當中有關審議式民主的部分，便是拿來檢視其在公共新聞學的實務發展上所扮演的角色與關連性。再者，觀看各國的經驗與個案，試圖發現台灣公共新聞學在實踐上之差異或特性。 本研究將台灣公共新聞學的發展歷程概略分為三個階段，分別是（一）審議式民主與公共電視：2002-2004（二）台灣智庫與公共電視：2005（三）公共電視與公共新聞學：2006-2010。階段一，公共電視從2002年便不定期參與公民會議影像拍攝並加以播放；且從2004年底胡元輝任職公視總經理開始，即在內部籌備公共新聞學的計畫。階段二由台灣智庫與公共電視合辦的2005年台南縣長選舉審議式辯論會是審議式民主與公共新聞學的操作者正式在理念與實踐上，有意識地產生交集。由於對審議式民主的不熟悉，此時期公共電視的媒體角色仍較被動，處於摸索與學習，屬於公共新聞學計畫的構成初期。階段三公共電視的媒體角色開始明顯獨立且具主動性，有系統性去實踐公共新聞學的計畫。 這段發展脈絡呈現出三項特性：（一）公共電視為實踐公共新聞學的重要代表。相對於美國，公視的實踐初衷少掉了媒體本身對於經濟誘因的強烈渴求，較為單純的以公共價值為出發點。（二）台灣公共新聞學與審議式民主的實務推展，兩者最初是分別進行，並未刻意彼此呼應；卻在發展脈絡中看到互為扣連的影子。（三）社區意識帶動審議，增強公民參與的實踐，公共電視的加入，使得審議、社區與媒體三者呈現日益緊密的關係。 再者，本研究的兩個個案，在媒體中的公共參與、審議公眾與公共話語、公共領域之結構方面，分別用不同方式來顯現公民、審議與媒體這三項公共新聞學要探討與實踐的關鍵面向。

In the end of the 1980s, the American’s society was so upset about the politics and the media. Besides, people felt disgust and alienated from the public life. Further, given declining readership and circulation, newspapers started a media movement to ask the question what does it take to make democracy work and what should be asked of the press? That is the public journalism, hoping to construct a more strong connection with the citizens. At about 2005, Taiwan started to implement an experiment of the public journalism in PTS (Taiwan Public Television Service). And this experiment was overlapping with the experiences of the deliberative democracy. The thesis is mainly aimed at discovering the practice and development of public journalism in Taiwan. In addition, the PTS is the main subject, and “The Deliberative Debate of the election of Mayor in 2006 Taipei city” and “Civic forum in focus” are the cases. Most importantly, the thesis is try to describe the key point, person and content, also, how to show the principles and the essences. Within this, the theory and implement of deliberative democracy is to find its role and relationship in public journalism in Taiwan. What’s more, by presenting the other countries’ cases, we can observe the specificity in Taiwan’s experience. By using depth interviewing and literature analysis, the study classifies the development of public journalism in Taiwan into three steps: (1) deliberative democracy and PTS: 2002-2004; (2) Taiwan Thinktank and PTS: 2005; (3) PTS and public journalism: 2006-2010. Moreover, the development shows three features: (1) PTS is the important representative in practicing public journalism. (2) In Taiwan, practicing of public journalism and deliberative democracy are separately in beginning, however, they link to each other after. (3) Deliberation, community and media are much closer gradually. Finally, in the thesis, two cases present the public participation in media, deliberating public, public discourse and the structure of the public sphere in different ways.