原住民部落發展與社區機制─以宜蘭縣大同鄉崙埤部落為例

Abstract

本文以政治生態學的架構分析原住民部落發展，從解構政府對部落與部落本身的政治作用、權力結構著手，聚焦社區機制的剖析，目的為解釋崙埤部落社區發展得以順利進行的機制，以及探討政府的部落發展想像，並從中反思政府計畫應精進之處。本研究以崙埤部落的經驗為主，回顧其常態性申請的政府計畫、憑藉訪談與參與觀察記錄，鋪陳研究主軸與解答研究目的。本研究發現，崙埤部落以既有的社會文化與關係進行部落發展工作，各共食團族長與領袖組成社區運作團隊，成立現代化組織，對內有效地達成共識、妥協利益配制，對外又能申請運用政府資源；但是政府透過資源的下放，對部落發展持有掌控能力與態度，並且各部會對於部落發展的想像不盡相同：林務局基於保衛森林管理主權，壓抑部落的自主性發展；原民會應培養部落自主能力、回復部落傳統社會機制，卻一昧著力於社區產業發展，強調經濟面發展，忽略人文社會之維護；勞委會的多元就業計畫應用於原住民部落時，缺乏考量部落的需求，應在有限度的範圍內，適度放寬進用人員準則。研究結果顯示，政府的部落發展思維與想像，似乎沒有走出將部落社區化、產業化的方向，欠缺了復振部落文化與部落精神的社會面考量；得以讓我們更深入思考的是，當政府面對一個維持部落文化與具備部落精神的部落時，政府到底是扮演維護部落文化，還是消弭部落精神的角色。

Indigenous tribe development as the main spindle and Dalah Uraw Tribe as an example, the purposes of this thesis had two, (1) to analyze community institutions, explaining why tribe development works swimmingly in Dalah Uraw Tribe, and (2) to study the frame and restraint of some specific bureaus for indigenous tribe development through analyzing governmental policies implementing processes, which were derived from Forestry Bureau, Council of Indigenous Peoples, Council of Labor Affairs and applied frequently by Dalah Uraw Tribe. By focusing on power structure within tribe and of tribe versus government, the thesis used political ecology theory as methodology, which was an applicable implement for uncovering social relations and power structure. The study revealed that practicing traditional tribal community institutions like gathering traditional leaders form all clans, which was called utux niqan in Atayal Tribe, to organize corporations as governmental resources converging channel seemed like successful key factors of a sustainable, flexible community organization. However on the other side, governmental tribe development polices didn’t ready to give enough leeway for tribe to keep practice traditional community institutions. According to results, the study proposed Forestry Bureau should express partly legitimate forest management rights. Council of Indigenous Peoples should give more attention for tribal social institution reconstruction rather than cultural industry establishment. And finally, in an appropriate degree, Council of Labor Affairs should grant more space let laboring policies become gain in indigenous tribes.