毒奶粉的風險論述分析與三聚氰胺的管制爭議

Abstract

2008年9月以來的「毒奶粉」事件將安全標準值的爭議推上了高峰，該事件的主因乃中國奶粉大廠「三鹿」生產之奶粉含有化學物質—三聚氰胺。隨著後續事件的發展，三聚氰胺的危機擴展到奶精、胺粉與蛋白粉。一時之間，人人聞奶色變，是繼S.A.R.S.，近年引起大眾關注與恐慌最巨的公共衛生安全事件。臺灣在事件當中訂立出獨步世界的三聚氰胺安全標準規範。本研究認為一則資訊進入在地社會後必須經過社會解讀的過程，而一個解讀的過程又必定是一個包含著主動選取，也因此是誤讀的歷程，且經由不同之在地知識類型的結合與再傳播之後，事件可以有著全然不同的樣貌。在地社會的風險感知框架是一個在地行動者援引熟悉、旁觸可得，亦或理所當然的在地社會知識類型所達成的主動詮釋結果，因此一個對於在地社會能夠在感知上達成整全（sound）的詮釋手段，即為一個正當的風險治理手段。除了在地象徵性知識連結的運用之外，多元開放的專業意見之參與討論，的確有助於將原先的厭惡與恐懼之感從個人特殊的人情層次提升到事理的普遍性層次當中，而一個開放的民主溝通場域始終存在著情感與說理兩個並存的因素，這兩種看似衝突的因素，其實是可以具有高度相輔相成功效的。這種要求能夠兼具情、理的，能夠傳遞出共通感受的民主溝通方式，正是臺灣風險感知框架所具備的特徵，正是此特徵輔助了臺灣在本次事件中嚴格安全標準訴求的正當性之確立。

The toxic milk powder event-- whose main culprit is the melamine-containing milk powder produced by “Sanlu”, a milk powder manufacturer in China-- broke out in September 2008, and the regulatory controversy over the safety standards was brought to a climax. With the crisis of melamine spreading from milk powder to non-dairy creamer, amine powder and protein power, it has aroused wide-spread public concern and panic, and its severity was even compared to S.A.R.S. In fact, the government in Taiwan has set up the strictest safety regulation levels of melamine--a result that is so unusual that this study tries to investigate. This study concludes that the public interpretation of information inevitably involves subjectively selecting and misreading; thus, the event could appear totally different after combination of different local knowledge and re-propagation. The risk perception framework of local society is a result of subjectively interpretation achieved by local agents referring to their familiar, accessible, or axiomatic local knowledge. Therefore, the legitimate means of risk government is the means of interpretation that reaches sound social perception in local society. In addition to the application of knowledge in a symbolic link, the participation and discussion of diverse professional opinions indeed help raise the original sense of disgust and fear from the individual level of affection to the universal level of reason. In fact, affection and reason coexist in the open field of democratic communication, and these two factors, conflicting as they may seem, can complement each other. It is this unique feature of risk perception framework, covering both dimensions of affection and reason, that establish the legitimacy of the strictest safety regulation levels in Taiwan.