榻榻米上的生活故事－日式房舍居住經驗研究

Abstract

本研究以居住者在日式房舍裡的生活經驗為探討主題，並以在1945年至1949年之際自大陸來到台灣後由政府分配予日式房舍的居住者為主要研究對象。台北市現存日式房舍產權多屬公家所有，因此早先居住於此的居民多為自大陸來台的政府任職人員。因此，居住空間與居住者之間有著社會文化背景上的差異，而影響了居住者的環境觀感與居住行為。除此之外，當時政府分派日式房舍的方式和實際居住狀況，也影響了居住者對於居住空間的感覺，主要是個人領域、私密性與擁擠感受等方面。在差異的居住文化背景之下，居住者對於在其居住空間當中產生有別於過去自身經驗裡的身體感官體驗，包括了視覺和聽覺，甚至是氣味、溫度，以及身體動作方面。當時政府分配給職員宿舍是按依其職等位階與家庭狀況而定，後來又因為整個國民政府遷台，有大批大批人員需要安置，且後來居住者家庭人口增加，使得日式房舍的實際居住狀況多有一個家戶住宅單位內卻有多戶居住的情形。於是在日式房舍原有空間特質和實際多戶共住的情況下，居住者在視覺、聽覺和空間使用方面之私密性受到干擾的困擾，並且有生活空間領域不足的問題，這些環境感受又因為年齡和被分配到的房舍空間形式情形而有不同程度差異。居住者為因應這樣的居住空間而採取了對實質空間進行調整之方式，而無法調整之處則透過身體習慣改變來適應之，或者選擇搬遷至他處。居住者的環境觀感與居住行為受到日式房舍空間本質、居住者的社會文化背景和實際居住狀況影響，他們與居住空間的關係也與其本身生命歷程相互連結，對於這些居住者來說他們所居住的日式房舍就是「家」，在其逐步開展生活的過程中，並且對於居住地點的人、事、景、物產生情感依附。本研究從日式房舍者的空間生活體驗和其個人生命歷程兩個面向來探究日式房舍的居住經驗。

The assigned ways of Japanese houses by government were according to the office degree and family condition. Then, because of the National Government of the Republic of China evacuated to Taiwan from mainland China in 1949, suddenly there were many staffs needed arranging for dwelling places, what is more, the numbers of their families members gradually increased, so there were several families lived in one unit house. In this situation, the sense of sight, hearing and space uses are interfered and there was problem in lack of enough life territories. However, these environment perceptions are different extent as a result of age and house style. The dwellers adjusted their house space to deal with the above, changed their habits, or moved to other house. The environment perceptions and living actions are influenced by the essences of Japanese houses, dwellers’ cultural and social backgrounds, and actual dwelling conditions. Their dwelling space and themselves life courses is also interrelated. The Japanese houses are “home” for them. They gradually attach their emotions and feelings to their dwelling places. I discuss about the life experiences of dwellers in Japanese houses and individual life course.