自僱者工作經歷對失敗風險的影響

Abstract

自僱工作穩定程度、自僱工作能維繫多久，是學界與實務工作者關心的議題。本文研究自僱者離開自僱工作的「失敗風險」。過往研究較少以實證資料驗證工作經歷如何影響失敗風險，本文使用 2005 年「社會階層與社會流動調查」蒐集的全國性樣本，採用事件史模型，試圖分析在工作經驗中累積的人力資本對於自僱者失敗風險的影響。研究結果顯示：(1) 與先前有工作經歷者相比，先前無工作經歷者，自僱工作的失敗風險沒有達到顯著差異；(2) 先前有自僱工作經歷不會影響自僱者的失敗風險；(3) 工作經歷的異質程度會影響自僱者離開自僱部門的風險，先前在受僱期間工作任務的多樣性越低，自僱工作的失敗風險越高；(4) 對於專業人士或者管理階層，過往工作經歷有助於降低失敗風險，但先前工作經歷對於其他類型的自僱者沒有影響。本文的分析顯示，不同種類的工作經歷對於失敗風險有不同影響，其中異質的工作經歷是影響失敗風險的重要因素。並且，工作經歷對失敗風險的影響也會因自僱工作的技術層級而有所不同。

Self-employment has received considerable attention from both researchers of social stratification and practitioners. Since current studies seldom examine the effects of labor market experience on the chances of exit from self-employment, the article investigates how prior work experiences affect self-employment duration. Using the retrospective job history data from Social Stratification and Social Mobility Survey (SSM) conducted in 2005, I assess the extent to which the risk of exit from self-employment depends on the acquisition of human capital in the prior work experience. The empirical results show that: first, I could find no differences in terms of chances of exit from self-employment between self-employed without prior labor market experience and those with labor market experience. Second, there is no significant evidence to support that prior self-employment experience would reduce the hazard rates of exit from self-employment. Third, performing low variety of tasks in prior firm would increase risk of leaving from self-employment, while occupation change in prior labor market experience has no significant effect on the likelihood of exit. Fourth, prior labor market experience has a relatively significant effect on exit risk for professional and managerial self-employment, but no significant effect for skilled and unskilled self-employment. The study concludes that the acquisition of balanced skill is one of important determinants of hazard rates of exit from self-employment. In addition, the relationship between labor market experience and the chances of exit from self-employment would be moderated by the skill levels of the self-employed workers.