中古諧謔風尚解析

Abstract

魏晉南北朝是中國諧謔發展歷史中的一個重要階段，這期間產生了大量的詼諧作品，詼諧辭賦亦達到了一個空前的巔峰，不論是詼諧詩歌、散文、小説，都有一定程度的發展。然而，此類作品雖屬「小道」或者被視爲「不入流」者，但是寥寥數字即能讓人捧腹大笑，而且還要謔而不虐、靈活生動，這又是另一種境界了。除此之外，諧謔的範圍是相當廣泛的，它可以是寓言、小説、野史、笑話等等，難以有一個明顯的界定。就其表現形式來説，有時候是敍述體，有時候是對話體；就内容性質來説，可能是真人真事，亦可能是傳説或寓言；就其時代來説，可能是歷史陳迹，也可能是當時的所見所聞；就其功用而言，也許只是引人發笑而已，也許具有諷諫的意味，其發展可謂是源遠流長。然而，這些詼諧有趣的作品不只是看過、笑過就算了，其背後往往隱藏著更深一層的内涵，值得我們去探究。本文首先將從魏晉南北朝時期的社會背景開始進行論述諧謔風尚產生之原因。其次，論述諧謔風尚之特質。其三，根據自類書中所收集到的文獻資料，對諧謔的形式與藝術手法做簡單的解析，最後再對諧謔之意義進行簡單的解析。 諧謔是一種滑稽的藝術，經由詼諧的形式，許多平素不敢開口或者不敢表達的意念，都可以藉此機會和盤托出。它是消遣的聖品，無論獨坐群居，一則雋永的笑話，常可令人拍案叫絕、轉愁為喜，為人間增加患了和和諧的氣氛，而玩賞幽默的笑話，則能使心靈活潑、胸襟豁達開朗。因此，無論就消遣的角度還是社會功能或民族文化的觀點來考察，中古的諧謔文學都具有一定的價值。魏晉士人所表現的滑稽行爲、幽默話語、冷嘲熱諷和古靈精怪的機智辯才，看似荒腔走板、有失體統，其實其背後含有極深廣的生命意義和重要的思維重整訊息。中國的諧謔風尚，除了供人賞樂之外，別有寓意，而諧謔亦從來不曾脫離這個傳統而發展。諧謔的意義除了檢討傳統社會規範以外，它亦是一種溫和的譴責與含蓄的規誡方式，更是一種迂回的外交手法，具有寓教於樂的功用，能充分的反映出時代文化的特性。

From the times of Wei-Tsin dynasties to southern & northern dynasties, that was an important developmental period for Chinese humoristic custom to develop itself. During the Chinese mediaeval times, a lot of humoristic creation had been produced and carried out. There were fine pieces being brought forth in succession and also achieved an unprecedented result, no matter it was poetry, prose or novel, most of them have obtained a certain extend development. Although these kinds of creations are thought to be unimportant and impractical, but a very few words can let humans being belly laughter, that was also another kind of boundary. On the other hand, the humoristic creation scope is quite a widespread. It might a fable, a novel, an unofficial history, a joke or others. We are very difficult to have an obvious limit. However, if according to its performance way, sometimes it can be a direct narration but sometimes it can be a dialogue. If according to its content, sometimes it can be an actual event but sometimes it can be a fable. If according to its times of happening, it possibly is talking about a historical event of the past or a story being seen or heard by the moment. If according to its functions, perhaps it only made human to laugh or it included satire function. In conclusion, the humoristic custom development is well-established from the past. However, it is not just for fun only, behind the creation is always hiding a deeper connotation and we should have to explore the meaning hiding behind it. This article has accomplished the following: Firstly, it will start to carry on the elaboration from social background because the humoristic custom is deeply influenced by the background of Wei-Tsin dynasties to southern & northern dynasties. Secondly, find out the special characteristic of the humoristic custom in times of Chinese mediaeval and how the character affected the development of humoristic custom. Moreover, with the collection of materials, find out the form and artistic technique behind the custom and do some simple analysis. Finally, focus on the point and carry on simple induction again to find out the purposes of doing it.