以撒柏林的自由哲學

Abstract

本文本論文旨在對以撒•柏林(Isaiah Berlin)的自由主義哲學進行探討，並論證以撒•柏林自由主義哲學的核心觀念為「多元價值論」與「消極自由」。自由主義在二十世紀遭遇重大挫折，自啟蒙以來的自由主義論述不但無法發揮功用，甚至還反成為極權主義者斫害人民自由的武器，其中變化是論述的重點。 以撒•柏林首先破除一元論式的哲學傳統以及其後影響的決定論式歷史觀對政治哲學中的自由所造成的傷害，說明此二者皆會造成對人民的壓迫，以及剝奪其自由選擇的可能。接下來則重新建立以多元價值論作為自由主義的基礎，說明唯有彼此不可共量、不可比較的多元價值才能實現真正的自由主義社會 接著則以消極自由與積極自由兩種概念的區分，說明積極自由也可能經過不同的剪裁而反過來傷害自由主義，從而建立起以消極自由為唯一核心的自由主義理念，並且說明這樣的自由主義實踐能為個人與社會帶來真實的幸福。

Abstract This thesis mainly discusses Isaiah Berlin’s philosophy of freedom, proofing that “pluralism” and “negative freedom” are core concepts of it. Freedom philosophy confronts great discouragement at the middle of 20thcentury;the discourses of freedom philosophy are not only failed but also even backfired. Fascists and Nazis take liberty and freedom to support their totalitarian regime instead. Isaiah Berlin first breaks the monism thought and historical inevitability to prevent the harm they will make to freedom. And then set the pluralism as the foundation of freedom philosophy, clarifying that only pluralism with incommensurability and incompatibility can bring out the true free society. At the last part he distinguishes the two different concepts of freedom, which are negative freedom and positive freedom. Saying that positive freedom may backfire to destroy freedom philosophy, and negative freedom is the true and only core to establish the idea of freedom philosophy. And this freedom philosophy could bring out real happiness to people and make a desirable society.