清代乾隆皇帝的寧壽宮

Abstract

清代乾隆皇帝曾經宣稱，當乾隆六十年之際，他將會退位，將權力讓渡與新的皇帝。本文的討論主題，就是這一乾隆皇帝的歸政事件。同時，乾隆皇帝也為了他歸政有適當的安居之地，遂重新修建了紫禁城內的寧壽宮，可說是乾隆皇帝歸政計畫中最為重要的工程，因此，本文便以乾隆皇帝構建的寧壽宮為中心，從而討論乾隆皇帝的歸政。論文中除了說明寧壽宮建築實體營建的過程外，還嘗試由收藏這一面相來思考乾隆皇帝的歸政。透過乾隆朝宮廷製作的御墨，可以理解特定品項如何成為寧壽宮特色收藏，甚至進一步成為提昇寧壽宮位階的資源。而經由觀察淳化軒書畫收藏的印記，可推知乾隆皇帝如何以特殊的作為，來對待同為他退位所居之地的收藏，同時，他所展現的特殊作為，還可見他寄寓在其間的長壽祈願。在前述的考察基礎上，便可較為整體地思考寧壽宮的收藏性質。寧壽宮內的書畫器物收藏方式，除了參照宮中舊有的傳統外，還有一個重要的意義，那就是儲存了豐富的文化象徵資源，當乾隆皇帝因為歸政，而不得不漸漸遠離政治時，這些文化資源，有可能讓乾隆皇帝重新獲取參與國政的合法性。

Emperor Qianlong declared that he would abdicate on his sixtieth year reign. This dissertation takes Emperor Qianlong’s abdication as the focus of study. In order to make a good living space for his retire life, he built the Ningshou Palace （the Palace Tranquil Longevity）in the Forbidden City. It was the most important step to prepare for his retirement. For this dissertation, the Ningshou Palace will be a spatial focus to understand Emperor Qianlong’s abdication. This dissertation not only describe the process of building the Ningshou Palace, but also discuss the collection of artifacts related to his abdication. For example, the ink sticks manufactured during the Qianlong Period was a specific type of item in the collection of the Ningshou Palace. It serves the function of elevating the status of the Ningshou Palace. Furthermore, the collocation of seals on the calligraphy and painting works collected in Chunhua Xuan was the other special example of understanding Emperor Qianlong's abdication. Finally, Emperor Qianlong's longevity pledge can be seen everywhere in the architecture of the Ningshou Palace. On the basis of the forgoing investigation, the dissertation could take the quality of Ningshou Palace ‘s collection as a whole. The selection of Ningshou Palace’s collection included the tradition of Qing court and combining diversified cultural resources. When Emperor Qianlong had to retire from his rule, these cultural resources might make him regain the legitimacy of participating in politic affairs.