以資料包絡法探討國光汽車客運公司之營運改進

Abstract

運輸產業的沉沒成本高，如何提升營運效率便格外受到重視；而根據交通部運輸研究所的資料，在96年高鐵正式通車後，國道客運的營收明顯減少。為了解國道客運在高鐵通車後是否能有效率地獲得營收，本研究應用資料包絡法(DEA)分析國光公司之5條國道路線、3條省道路線以及2條宜蘭地區路線在100與101年間的營運資料；透過變數組合的判別能力篩選，採用「客座公里」、「行車及維修人員薪資」、「行車及保修材料費用」為投入變數，而「營收」、「延人公里」為產出變數進行分析。 分析結果顯示，五條國道路線的整體效率表現並不差，尤其是以起訖站與高鐵路線重疊，但高鐵所設站點之聯外公共運輸較不方便的路線，如台中－高雄、台北－台中；或是高鐵未能提供完整服務的路線，如基隆－新竹；此三條路線的整體效率表現分占十條路線中的前三名。然而若起訖站與高鐵路線重疊，且高鐵所設站點聯外運輸方便的國道路線，則可能因載運時間較長而使得效率表現較差，如台北－高雄。另外相對於國道路線的平均表現優異，省道路線、宜蘭地區路線的平均整體效率則較差，透過CCR及BCC模式分析，可進一步得知省道路線主要是因為純技術效率較差，而宜蘭地區路線則是規模效率表現不佳而導致。 除了建立適合的變數組合，並探討各路線的相對效率之外，本研究亦評估相對無效率來源、提供明確的改善指標建議。然而受到分析方法及資料取得的限制，研究尚有未臻完美的部分，有待日後更審慎的調整。

Due to the high degree of sunk costs that a transport company incurs, continuous improvements in operations are very important in this industry. According to research by the Institute of Transportation, the operation of the Taiwan High Speed Rail(HSR) has had a significant impact on the national expressway transport industry since it opened in 2007. To explore the operational efficiency of the routes that have offered national expressway transport service in recent years, this research has applied Data Envelopment Analysis(DEA) and analyzed two-year data from ten transport service routes, including five national expressways, three provincial highways, and two service routes in Yilan County. By means of distinguishing the input-output discriminating power, it was concluded that estimating 'seat-kilometer', 'salaries of driving and maintenance staff', and 'cost of materials caused by driving and maintenance' as the input measures and using 'incomes' and 'passenger-kilometers' as the output measures served as the best method to evaluate the efficiency of the ten routes. The analysis result shows that the average technical efficiency of the five national expressway routes is better than those of the provincial highways and the routes in Yilan County. The top three efficient routes of the ten all serve on the national expressway, including Taichung - Kaohsiung, Taipei - Taichung, whose two terminals are similar to the HSR’s but more convenient than the HSR for connection to other places, and the Keelung - Hsinchu, one serves more northerly locations than the HSR does. Nevertheless, the Taipei - Kaohsiung expressway route has not been so efficient as although its terminals are similar to the HSR’s it is not superior to the HSR in transport connections, furthermore, its one-way service is over twice the time spent on the HSR. Additionally, on average, the routes served by the provincial highways and Yilan County roads are even less efficient. By adopting CCR and BCC models the reason for the inadequacies of those provincial highways can be found to be pure technical inefficiencies while the cause of those in Yilan County is due to scale inefficiency. In addition to building up an evaluation model and exploring the efficiency of every route, this research also evaluated the causes for inefficiency and provided directions for improvement. However, subject to data limitations, there are still incomplete parts that would need to be adapted.