大江健三郎文学における絶望と希望―初期から中期までの転換を中心に―

Abstract

本論文著眼於大江健三郎文學從初期至中期發生的首次轉換，透過分析其小說中登場人物的力量關係，來解讀故事內容從絕望轉向希望的過程和原因。具體的研究方法如下：首先，確認作家的出發點為「戰後世代」的問題意識，即在權力體制中對「死與身分認同」的喪失感到恐懼的絕望。基於此論點，選擇處女作《奇妙的工作》、第一次引入1963年事件的《空中的怪物阿古伊（原文:アグイー）》、以及被認為是開啟中期階段的《個人的體驗》等三部作品，作為研究對象進行考察。 關於《奇妙的工作》，將分析其中所描寫的「戰後世代」及「戰中世代」的形象，並論述權力體制所製造出來的「監禁狀態」是如何作用於戰後社會，將絕望帶給主角們的問題。其次將剖析角色們無法從此狀態中脫離的原因，並探討作家所追求，源自於魯迅之希望的概念。1963年「殘疾兒童」及「廣島旅行」的經驗所帶給大江氏的影響關係著《空中的怪物阿古伊》的創作。考察此作品時，將聚焦於「世代」與「個人」連結的描寫，並且解讀從初期作品繼承而來的技巧與意識透過敘事者「我」，被音樂家D和「阿貴」的問題所挑戰，最終連結至從廣島的被爆者身上所習得之「正統人類」思想的過程，進而確認大江文學於此開始轉換。緊接著，強調《個人的體驗》主角「鳥」的「個人」特性，並著重於分析「鳥」和其他人物間的關係變化。在此說明「鳥」將戰後世代的絕望與「殘疾兒童」的問題重疊，並開始將威士忌做為「自我欺瞞」的道具去依賴時的內心葛藤。結尾中他拒絕酒精，選擇了「正統」地活下去。解釋如此的結果為對「愛和希望」的期待，並紮根於社會的一種解答。 經過上述分析，可以得知大江文學從初期至中期的轉換，是對戰後世代的問題意識，以持有「社會性」的「個人」意識作為回答的過程。

This thesis focuses on the initial transformation occurred in Kenzaburō Ōe’s Works from the Early-term to the Middle-term. Following the research method of analyzing the changes of power relationship among the characters in novels, I will interpret the meaning of the course and cause of the story from the despair turning into the hope. Research sequence will be as follows: fist, the study will confirm the writer’s starting point is the consciousness problem of the “post-war generation”. And it means that under the power structure, being afraid of losing “death and identity”, the “post-war generation” is in fearful despair. Thus, the three works: the debut novel “The Strange Work”, the novel “Aghwee the Sky Monster” which was influenced by the 1963 incident, and, the “A Personal Matter”, which is considered initiating works of the Middle-term, will be chosen as targets to research. In this thesis, the image of “post-war generation” and “the war generation” depicted in “The Strange Work” will be analyzed first. And next, it will be discussed how “the imprisonment situation” created by the power structure affects the post-war society and brings the despair to the main characters. Then, I will analyze the reason why they can’t escape from the situation and the writer’s pursuit of the hope originated from Lu Xun. The experience of “disabled child” and “HIROSHIMA” in 1963 affecting much on Mr. Ōe are related to the creation of “Aghwee the Sky Monster”. This part will focus on the connection between “the generation” and “the individual” depicted in this novel; and explain the process that the narrator “I” reveal the technique and senses inherited from the Early-term’s works, which were challenged by the musician D and “Aghwee”, and finally end in learning “the standard person” thought from atomic bomb victims. I will interpret the whole process and further confirm the time when Ōe’s Works began to change. Then the emphasis will be laid on the main character, Bird’s “individual” characteristic of the “A Personal Matter”, as well as the changes of his relationship with other characters. In this thesis, I will explain the despair hidden inside the “post-war generation” combined with the problems of “disabled child”, and which made Bird rely on whisky as the tool of “self‐deception” for his conflict. Finally, Bird refuses to drink alcohols, and decides to live on “standard”. This could be explained as the answer of the expectation of “Love and Hope” to be rooted in the society. Viewing from the above statements, it can be concluded that the transformation in Kenzaburō Ōe’s Works during the Early-term and the Middle-term, is the process to answer the problems of “post-war generation” with the concept of “individual linking to society”.