身體隨著音樂而律動：動作型態與生理訊號測量研究

Abstract

音樂與身體律動有著密切的關係，即使是沒有受過音樂訓練的人，也常不由自主地隨著音樂踩腳或點頭。是什麼樣的因素與機制，使演奏者或聆聽者跟著音樂律動？不同的律動型態，又如何影響對音樂的認知？本研究結合田野調查與生理訊號測量來探討上述議題。筆者先觀察各種音樂場域中，樂手與聽眾的身體律動模式，分析他們的動作和音樂拍節的關係。為了更進一步探討動作與音樂節拍的相位關係，筆者再進行兩項實驗：第一，研究不同樂種中利用手部動作來數拍的傳統，測量北管、南管與西洋古典音樂中的指揮，在跟著該樂種的音樂數拍時的手部加速度訊號，分析這些動作與音樂拍節的關係；第二，當聽者在隨著節奏鮮明的電子音樂律動身體（頭、食指與大腳趾）時，測量頭頂中央的腦電波（EEG, electroencephalography）、律動部位的加速度訊號，與手指的膚電訊號。實驗結果顯示，一般人習慣在正拍上用頭部跟著律動，而對樂手來說，身體律動造成的觸覺及本體覺刺激，都能幫助對拍節結構的接收，其中以觸覺最為重要，其次是順著地心引力的動作所引發的本體覺。頭部的律動能改變大腦額葉中央的腦波，且引發顯著的膚電反應，這或許也意味著聽眾最融入於音樂之中。

There is a close relationship between music and body movements. Even those who are musically untrained tap their feet or nod their heads with music automatically. What are the reasons and the mechanisms that make music players and listeners move with music? How do different motor patterns affect music perception? This study combines fieldwork and physiological signal measurements to investigate these issues. Observations of the motor patterns in different music fields were followed by two experimental studies that examined the phase relationships between music beats and body movements. The first experiment analyzed music traditions of beat-counting. The acceleration of the hand movements of nanguan musicians, beiguan musicians and conductors in western classic music were measured, and the relationships between the motor patterns and the metrical structures were analyzed. In the second experiment, the EEG (electroencephalography) signals, body acceleration and skin conductance of listeners were recorded when they were moving with music. It was found that most people are used to nodding their heads on downbeat. For musicians, both tactile and proprioceptive feedbacks facilitate the perception for metrical structure. The tactile feedback is the most important one followed by the proprioceptive feedback induced by the movement which is in the same direction as gravity. Head movements influenced the brain wave recorded above the mid-frontal cortex and evoke significant increases in skin conductance, which may indicate listeners’ deep involvement in music.