清代北臺灣的基督宗教勢力競爭（1860-1895）

Abstract

加拿大長老教會和天主教在清代北臺灣的競爭，重塑了臺灣基督宗教的勢力範圍。本文以基督宗教勢力競爭的角度切入，探討1860至1895年間兩教競爭，以及與地方社會的互動。藉此解釋同受條約保障的基督宗教勢力如何建立勢力範圍，以及在競爭中採取何種策略。 本文先以1860至1870年代南臺灣的經驗為參照，說明英格蘭長老教會與天主教的對立如何延續至北臺灣。再以1887年大稻埕教案為核心，分析清法戰爭後天主教的社會困境。天主教雖取得傳教權利，但因戰爭記憶和西班牙保教權的弱勢，必須接受三條規約，這使得天主教受到更多限制。接著本文以宜蘭和滬尾周邊為案例，探討兩教競設據點的過程。在宜蘭，加拿大長老教會憑對噶瑪蘭人社會網絡的掌握，成功抵禦天主教的進入；在滬尾周邊，天主教在興化店、埔頭等地設立據點，卻引發地方衝突。 本研究釐清兩教競爭的歷史過程，指出傳教士對地方的理解、外交資源的運用、地方社會的應對，如何影響競爭局面。藉由宜蘭與滬尾周邊的案例分析，發現地方社會不是單向接受宗教，而是利用兩教競爭來完成自身目的，例如協商人群關係。此外，戰爭留下的仇法記憶與西班牙外交弱勢，使天主教在北臺灣處於不利地位，影響其擴張策略。本文試圖呈現兩教競爭如何在外交格局、戰爭記憶、地方協商中，形塑清代北臺灣的宗教版圖。

The competition between the Canadian Presbyterian Church and Catholics in northern Taiwan during the Qing dynasty reshaped the Christian spheres of influence in Taiwan. By examining religious power dynamics, this study explores the competition between these two churches and their interactions with local society from 1860 to 1895, explaining how Christian groups under treaty protection established their spheres of influence and what strategies they employed in competition. This study first draws on the experience of southern Taiwan in the 1860s-1870s to demonstrate how the antagonism between the English Presbyterian Church and Catholics continued into northern Taiwan. It then analyzes Catholics' social predicament after the Sino-French War through the 1887 Dadaocheng Incident. Although Catholics obtained missionary rights, anti-French sentiment from the war and Spain's weak religious protectorate forced them to accept three restrictions, placing Catholics under more constraints. The study examines the process of competitive station establishment in Yilan and areas surrounding Huwei. In Yilan, the Canadian Presbyterian Church successfully resisted Catholic entry through their mastery of Kavalan social networks; in areas surrounding Huwei, Catholics established stations at Xinghuadian and Putou, triggering local conflicts. This research clarifies the historical process of competition between the two churches, demonstrating how missionaries' understanding of local contexts, utilization of diplomatic resources, and local society's responses shaped the competitive dynamics. Through case studies of Yilan and the areas surrounding Huwei, the study finds that local society did not passively receive religion but utilized the inter-church competition to achieve their own purposes, such as reorganizing inter-community social relations. Moreover, anti-French sentiment from the war and Spanish diplomatic weakness placed Catholics in an unfavorable position in northern Taiwan, influencing their expansion strategies. This study demonstrates how the competition between the two churches shaped the religious landscape of Qing-era northern Taiwan amid diplomatic frameworks, war memories, and local negotiations.