性別主流化在國軍基層之實踐—以陸軍裝甲兵為例

Abstract

本研究旨在從女性主義視角探討國軍性別主流化政策在基層的實踐狀況，並分析軍隊特有的陽剛文化對性別平等推動所造成的影響。研究核心問題在於國防部所設計的性別主流化關鍵績效指標（KPI）是否能真實反映並改善基層官兵的性別經驗，抑或因制度設計與軍中文化之落差而產生偏誤？基此本研究提出三項理論假設，第一，若制度設計良好且具包容性，則文件指標與基層經驗應趨於一致；第二，若軍隊為父權權力體系，則性別主流化政策將僅具形式效應，難以撼動深層結構；第三，依可見度偏誤假設，若KPI過度偏重可量化成果（如人數比例、設備改善），則文化與權力層面的改革將被忽略。研究方法採質性取向，透過政策文件分析與12位陸軍裝甲兵官兵之半結構式深度訪談，檢視政策文本與實務經驗間的落差。 研究結果指出，國軍在推動性別主流化政策的過程中存在多重挑戰，KPI偏向形式主義，未能有效轉化為女性在軍中實質參與的機會；陽剛軍事文化與性別刻板印象使女性官兵在任務分配上受限，男性官兵亦因分工不均而產生逆向排斥；女性生理差異雖獲制度保障，但在軍隊文化與同儕規範的作用下，女性官兵仍面臨顯著的文化壓力，使得生理假呈現「制度存在而使用率偏低」的現象；軍中階級權力不對等進一步強化性別暴力與申訴困境，使性平機制流於表面。然同時也觀察到年輕官兵展現出較高的性別平權意識，為未來改革提供正向契機。 國軍性別主流化政策的制度理想與基層實際經驗之間存在顯著落差，印證性別主流化政策針對軍事傳統結構影響有限與可見度偏誤之假設，亦反映量化指標在軍事體制中的侷限。本文建議未來政策應從制度導向轉向文化轉型，透過多元化與質性化的KPI設計、深化性別平等教育、強化中高層幹部性別意識再訓練及跨性別對話機制，以促進軍隊由形式平等邁向實質平等，建立包容而多元的現代化軍事組織。

This study adopts a feminist perspective to examine the implementation of gender mainstreaming policies within the basic units of Taiwan’s armed forces and to analyze how the military’s entrenched masculinist culture shapes the promotion of gender equality. The core research question investigates whether the Ministry of National Defense’s gender mainstreaming Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) accurately reflect and improve the gendered experiences of grassroots personnel, or whether discrepancies arise due to misalignment between institutional design and military culture. Based on this inquiry, three theoretical hypotheses are proposed: first, if institutional design is well-constructed and inclusive, policy indicators should align with the lived experiences of service members; second, if the military operates as a patriarchal power structure, gender mainstreaming will remain largely symbolic and unable to challenge deeper structural dynamics; third, following the visibility-bias hypothesis, if KPIs disproportionately emphasize quantifiable outputs (such as personnel ratios or facility upgrades), reforms related to culture and power relations are likely to be overlooked. Methodologically, the study employs a qualitative approach, combining policy document analysis with semi-structured in-depth interviews with twelve Army armor-branch personnel to assess the gap between policy intentions and practical experiences. The findings reveal multiple challenges in the implementation of gender mainstreaming within the armed forces. Existing KPIs tend to reflect procedural formalism and have limited impact on expanding women’s substantive participation in military roles. The deeply rooted masculinist culture and persistent gender stereotypes restrict women’s access to core assignments, while unequal labor distribution has also generated backlash among some male personnel. Although biological differences are recognized at the institutional level, women experience considerable cultural pressure and peer scrutiny, resulting in low actual utilization of menstrual leave despite its formal availability. Furthermore, hierarchical power asymmetries exacerbate gender-based violence and hinder effective reporting, rendering gender-equality mechanisms superficial in practice. Nevertheless, the study also observes that younger service members exhibit more progressive gender attitudes, suggesting a potential driver for future cultural transformation. Overall, a significant gap exists between the institutional ideals of Taiwan’s gender mainstreaming policy and the lived experiences of frontline personnel. The findings support the hypotheses concerning the limited impact of gender mainstreaming on traditional military structures and the presence of visibility bias, while highlighting the constraints of quantitative indicators in addressing cultural and structural inequalities within the military. The study argues that future reforms should shift from institution-oriented approaches toward cultural transformation, incorporating diversified and qualitative KPIs, strengthening gender-equality education, providing systematic gender-awareness retraining for mid- and senior-level officers, and establishing mechanisms for cross-gender dialogue. Through these strategies, the armed forces may advance from formal equality toward substantive equality and cultivate a more inclusive and diverse modern military organization.