探討保護區應對威脅壓力的效能 -以墾丁高位珊瑚礁自然保留區與梅花鹿為例

Abstract

墾丁高位珊瑚礁自然保留區保存臺灣唯一完整的高位珊瑚礁生態系，然而，國家公園復育的臺灣梅花鹿於保留區內長期的高密度族群，卻將地被植物啃食殆盡，連帶影響林木更新，自然價值嚴重劣化。本研究以METT-4(Management Effectiveness Tracking Tool) 為架構，評估墾丁高位珊瑚礁自然保留區在梅花鹿威脅壓力下的經營管理效能變化，分析 2011、2016 與 2023 年三次參與式工作坊評量結果，並結合訪談與相關研究，探討經營管理與生態成果間的關係。 結果發現，經營管理效能評量紀錄了梅花鹿自 2011 年起對於保留區產生的負面影響，亦呈現管理機關應對威脅壓力的行動成果。2016 年時，梅花鹿已成為該區主要的威脅壓力，並自 2018 年實施圍籬防治、避孕疫苗施打等措施應對。儘管圍籬能有效防止梅花鹿的持續危害，但 2023 年評量的成果項目仍顯著下降。保留區雖採取了正確的經營管理動作，但受限於復育計畫與保留區保育目標的衝突、法規限制、多元治理情境及資源的不足，尚無法緩和更無法消弭梅花鹿的負面作用。 METT-4 新增自然價值、關鍵指標物種、棲地與細項評估，強化了經營管理與研究監測間的對應關係，也促進權益關係人於評量中更細緻地反思、討論保留區的保育現況，幫助我們深入了解保護區的實際成果。然在方法學層面，本研究亦指出 METT-4 在指標的選擇、理想保育狀態的定義、系統邊界認定上尚有改善空間。未來操作上需將優勢種、稀有種或特定生物群落納入指標選擇的考量，同時納入更多權益關係人的意見，以提升成果評量的準確性與共識基礎。本研究結果顯現經營管理效能評量，展現經營管理動作應對威脅壓力的功能，更提供後續經營管理策略與投入整合的方向，為整體系統評估保護區外在負面因子的不錯方法。

The Kenting Uplifted Coral Reef Nature Reserve has nurtured and protected the sole uplifted coral reef forest ecosystem in Taiwan. However, the restoration of Formosan Sika deer (Cervus nippon taiouanus) by the national park has resulted in a overpopulation, leading to the excessive grazing of understory, affecting forest regeneration and causing a significant degradation of Nature Reserve. This study used the METT-4 (Management Effectiveness Tracking Tool) to assess changes in management effectiveness from 2011 to 2023, focusing on the impact of sika deer. Analysis of participatory workshops and field interviews revealed a growing gap between management actions and ecological outcomes. Results show that although mitigation measures such as fencing and contraceptive vaccines were implemented in 2018, the 2023 assessment showed a significant decline in management outcomes. The findings suggest that while management responses were appropriate, their effectiveness was limited due to conflicting policy goals, legal constraints, multi- governance challenges, and insufficient resources. The expanded METT-4 framework provided deeper insights into the reserve's outcomes and enhanced the connection between management actions and ecological monitoring, while also facilitating stakeholder engagement and reflection. However, the study highlights areas for methodological improvement, such as indicator selection and boundary definition. Overall, METT-4 proves to be a useful tool for tracking the impacts of ecological threats and guiding adaptive management in protected areas.