論《嘉禾吏民田家莂》的丘：家戶經濟、社群與災變因應

Abstract

本文從《嘉禾吏民田家莂》建立研究的基礎，將木牘釋文轉譯為數據，以此檢視「定收」、「旱田」、「熟田」、「旱、敗」、「入付」、「准入」、「畢」、「校」等各流程與行政制度所揭示的農業稅收實況。本文在梳理這些數據現象時，既從整體做綜一的評估，也就《嘉禾吏民田家莂》各丘進行分論，進而對讀《齊民要術》、長沙走馬樓三國吳簡相關聯簡牘與長沙五一廣場東漢簡牘家戶生計、農業經營、運輸財貨的簡牘。本文藉這些材料理解「二年常限」、「溏田」等水稻田輪休模式及水利設施所構築的田地經營制度，分析侯國廷部、鄉吏、各丘與家戶在孫吳大帝嘉禾三年（公元234年）至嘉禾五年（公元236年）之間面對的氣候災變，以及應對災變時採取的措施。最後，本文推測《嘉禾吏民田家莂》諸現象的詮釋可幫助研究者梳理公元230年至公元240年氣候由乾冷轉向濕暖，這一轉捩期所實際經歷的諸多天候及人文現象。

This paper analyzes the Jiahe Limintian Jiabie (Tax Registrations of Households and Fields from the Jiahe Era), converting transcribed wooden slips into quantitative data to examine actual agricultural taxation practices as reflected in administrative terms and procedures such as dingshou (determined dues), hantian (dry fields), shoutian (productive fields), han, bai (dry or ruined), rufu (payment/delivery), zhunru (approved for payment), bi (completion), and jiao (verification). The study provides both a comprehensive overview and localized analyses based on individual qiu (field units or localities) recorded in the Jiahe Limintian Jiabie. It further contextualizes these findings by engaging with related sources, including the Qimin Yaoshu (Essential Techniques for the Welfare of the People), the Zoumalou bamboo slips from the Wu state during the Three Kingdoms period, and Eastern Han records concerning household management, agricultural operations, and goods transportation excavated at Wuyi Plaza in Changsha. Through these materials, the study investigates field management systems such as ernián chángxiàn (biennial resting limit) and tángtián (pond fields), as well as the irrigation infrastructure underpinning them. Moreover, the analysis explores the roles of marquis-level court departments, local officials, qiu communities, and individual households in responding to climate-related disasters between the third and fifth years of the Jiahe Era under Emperor Sun Quan of Eastern Wu (234–236 CE). The study concludes that the phenomena documented in the Jiahe Limintian Jiabie provide valuable insights into the climatic transition from cold-dry to warm-wet conditions around 230–240 CE, alongside the associated environmental and sociopolitical developments experienced during this pivotal period.