瓜地馬拉供水和衛生設施取得的空間和種族不平等

Abstract

儘管瓜地馬拉在擴展供水與衛生服務方面已取得全國性的進展，但原住民族群仍面臨不平等的取得機會。然而，有關族群差異的實證證據，特別是在家庭與鄉鎮層級，仍然相當有限。本研究使用瓜地馬拉最近兩次全國人口普查資料，分別於2002年與2018年進行，以分析四項主要指標的變化：改善式供水、自來水、改善式衛生設施，以及連接到污水系統或化糞池的衛生設施。全國整體取得率略有提升：改善式供水從92.1%上升至92.6%；自來水從70.5%增至73.8%；改善式衛生設施從85.5%增至95.2%；而連接至污水系統或化糞池的衛生設施則從41.9%增至55.6%。然而，顯著的族群差異依然存在。2018年，僅有66.5%的原住民家庭有自來水供應，相較之下，非原住民家庭的比例為76.1%；僅有30.5%的原住民家庭擁有連接至污水系統或化糞池的衛生設施，而非原住民家庭則有62.0%。回歸分析結果顯示，在控制了人口、社經與地理特徵後，原住民家庭在這四項指標的取得率仍顯著較低，低出1.5到7.8個百分點。研究結果凸顯了應制定以公平為導向的基礎建設政策，優先改善原住民占多數的鄉鎮，並解決阻礙普及服務供應的制度性障礙

Despite national progress in expanding water and sanitation services, indigenous populations in Guatemala continue to face unequal access. However, empirical evidence on ethnic disparities, particularly at the household and municipal levels remains limited. This study uses data from the last two national population censuses in Guatemala, conducted in 2002 and 2018, to examine changes in four key access indicators: improved water, piped water, improved sanitation, and sanitation connected to sewage or septic systems. National access improved modestly; improved water rose from 92.1% to 92.6%, piped water from 70.5% to 73.8%, improved sanitation from 85.5% to 95.2%, and sewage/septic-connected sanitation from 41.9% to 55.6%. Yet large ethnic disparities persist. In 2018, only 66.5% of indigenous households had piped water access compared to 76.1% among non-indigenous households, and just 30.5% had access to sewage/septic-connected sanitation versus 62.0% of their non-indigenous counterparts. Regression results confirm persistent gaps across all four indicators: after controlling for demographic, socioeconomic, and geographic characteristics, indigenous households were 1.5 to 7.8 percentage points less likely to have adequate WASH access. These findings highlight the need for equity-focused infrastructure policies that prioritize indigenous-majority municipalities and address institutional barriers to universal service provision.