鄉村移入都市人口定居意願影響因素分析:以北京為例

Abstract

中國戶籍制度形成的城鄉二元體制，導致城鄉居民在福利和發展機會上存在 顯著差異。鄉村人口在就業、教育和公共服務等領域長期面臨制度性歧視。對鄉 村人口而言，無論是透過就學或者就業進入都市，受戶籍限制難以真正融入城市。 本研究聚焦這一背景下外來鄉村人口的都市定居問題。旨在探討戶籍制度如何影 響鄉村出身者在都市的定居影響因素與實際落戶行為，重點關注制度性障礙與家 庭因素的交互作用對定居決策的影響機制。研究方法採用質性研究方法，透過對 38 位鄉村戶籍的北京外來人口進行深度訪談，樣本覆蓋不同年齡、教育水平和 婚姻狀況的群體。研究發現:外來鄉村人口在城市定居過程中主要面臨就業機會、 社會公共服務和子女教育機會等結構性限制，其中子女高考資格問題尤為突出。 值得注意的是，即使獲得北京戶籍，多數受訪者的認同感仍指向家鄉。訪談數據 表明，就業質量與收入水平已成為影響落戶決策的關鍵因素，戶籍身份的制約作 用正在減弱。基於研究發現，本文提出以下政策建議:首先，應逐步放寬特大城 市落戶條件;其次，完善公共服務均等化機制，包括擴大教育醫療和住房交通等 公共服務資源的覆蓋人群於範圍;再次，逐漸取消城鄉二元的戶籍制度，消除制 度性歧視。這些措施將有助於吸引外來人才、促進城鄉居民的公平健康發展。本 研究從微觀層面揭示了戶籍制度約束功能的弱化趨勢，為中國未來戶籍改革提供了實證依據。

China's household registration (hukou) system has institutionalized a rigid urban- rural divide, perpetuating substantial inequalities in social welfare and developmental opportunities. Rural populations confront systemic institutional exclusion in employment, education, and public service provision. This study investigates the settlement dynamics of rural migrants in Beijing, analyzing how institutional barriers and familial factors jointly influence residential decision-making processes. Employing qualitative approach, we conducted in-depth interviews with 38 rural- hukou migrants in Beijing, ensuring demographic diversity across age, education, and marital status. Our findings identify three fundamental structural constraints: (1) employment discrimination, (2) restricted access to essential services (particularly education, healthcare, and housing), and (3) intergenerational educational disadvantages, most notably in gaokao eligibility. Crucially, even among successful hukou converters, persistent rural identity suggests limited urban belonging. The results reveal a critical transition: socioeconomic attainment (employment stability and income level) has superseded hukou status as the primary determinant of settlement decisions, signaling the system's eroding regulatory capacity. We propose a threefold reform strategy: (1) gradual easing of megacity residency controls, (2) comprehensive public service equalization encompassing education, healthcare, housing, and transportation, and (3) systematic elimination of the urban- rural institutional divide. These reforms would enhance human capital mobility while fostering equitable urban-rural development.