論我國刑法對深度偽造性影像之管制

Abstract

本文旨在探討我國刑法對深度偽造性影像的管制，研究範圍包括刑法第319條之4立法前既有刑事法規的適用情形，以及刑法第319條之4的立法與解釋適用。關於刑法第319條之4立法前既有刑事法規的適用，本文認為，由於深度偽造性影像的內容本質上未必應受到負面評價，若輕率認定其應受負面評價，可能導致污名化與標籤化的風險，故不應適用刑法第310條第2項之加重誹謗罪。此外，深度偽造性影像是否屬於猥褻物品存在爭議，而上傳深度偽造性影像至網路平台若符合釋字第617號所要求的適當隔絕措施，適用刑法第235條第1項之散布猥褻物品罪的管制效果亦相當有限，且該罪無法充分評價法益侵害，也未能有效提供被害人應有的訴訟權益與保護。同時，深度偽造影像在性質上並非個人資料，且受到個人資料保護法的除外條款限制，適用個人資料保護法第41條違法侵害個資罪的機會有限，難以達到有效管制的目的。因此，基於既有法規的管制效果不足，本文認為修訂刑法第319條之4具有其必要性。 而對於刑法第319條之4的解釋適用，本文認為應以隱私權作為本罪之保護法益，將散布深度偽造性影像之行為理解為就被害人的私密生活代為發言，或是取代了被害人塑造其私領域人格，因而侵害被害人對其私密空間自我掌握之行為。除此之外，在未來的修法上，本文認為應加入對未遂行為之處罰規定，避免處罰漏洞。調整製作以及散布散布深度偽造性影像行為之法條順序及刑度，以突顯散布行為係法益侵害之核心行為。且改以擬真、仿真取代不實來形容深度偽造性影像，反映深度偽造性影像之特性，並適度修正刑法第10條第8項之性影像定義。

This thesis aims to examine the regulation of deepfake sexual image under Taiwan’s Criminal Code. The scope of this study includes the applicability of pre-legislation criminal provisions and the legislation and interpretative application of Article 319-4 of the Criminal Code. Regarding the applicability of pre-legislation criminal provisions, this thesis argues that since the content of deepfake sexual image is not inherently subject to negative evaluation, hastily deeming it as such may lead to the risks of stigmatization and labeling. Therefore, the aggravated defamation offense under Article 310, Paragraph 2, of the Criminal Code should not be applied. Furthermore, whether deepfake sexual image constitutes obscene material remains a contentious issue. If deepfake sexual image is uploaded to an online platform with appropriate isolation measures as required by Judicial Yuan Interpretation No. 617, the regulatory effect of applying the offense of distributing obscene material under Article 235, Paragraph 1, of the Criminal Code would be significantly limited. Moreover, this provision fails to adequately assess the harm to legally protected interests and does not effectively provide victims with the necessary procedural rights and protections. At the same time, deepfake sexual image, by its nature, does not qualify as personal data and is subject to exceptions under the Personal Data Protection Act. As a result, the offense of unlawfully infringing on personal data under Article 41 of the Act has limited applicability, making it difficult to achieve effective regulation. Therefore, given the inadequacy of existing legal provisions in addressing this issue, this thesis asserts the necessity of amending Article 319-4 of the Criminal Code. As for the interpretative application of Article 319-4, this thesis argues that the protected legal interest of this provision should be the right to privacy. The act of disseminating deepfake sexual image can be understood as making statements on behalf of the victim regarding their private life or replacing the victim in shaping their personal identity within their private domain, thereby infringing upon the victim’s control over their intimate space. Additionally, for future legislative amendments, this thesis suggests incorporating provisions penalizing attempted offenses to prevent legal loopholes. It also recommends adjusting the order and penalties of provisions governing the creation and dissemination of deepfake image to highlight dissemination as the core act of harm to legally protected interests. Furthermore, the term "realistic" or "simulated" should replace "false" to better reflect the characteristics of deepfake image, and the definition of "sexual image" under Article 10, Paragraph 8, of the Criminal Code should be appropriately revised.