台灣產兩新屬：櫟䗛與寶島䗛 (䗛目：長角棒䗛科：長角枝䗛亞科) 之系統分類學研究

Abstract

長角枝䗛亞科 (Necrosciinae) 是䗛目 (竹節蟲目) 中物種多樣性最高的亞科，目前約有115屬、833種，而台灣此亞科的物種大部分為樹棲性，不論是野外觀察記錄或採集上均較為困難，因此分類與生態研究均尚未完整。Huang於2002年出版的著作中曾提及長角枝䗛亞科在台灣的5個未知種，並將其中1種及另外4種分別暫定為Hemiplasta sp. 及Nescicroa spp.。然而隨著近年 Hemiplasta及Nescicroa兩屬的研究越來越透徹，不論在地理分布、形態甚至行為上，兩屬的定義與當初Huang的鑑定有所落差。為了釐清這擱置了20餘年的謎團，本研究以形態及分子親緣證據釐清Huang 在 2002 年著作中提及的Hemiplasta sp. 及Nescicroa spp. 之分類地位及物種多樣性。在透過形態、分子以及地理分布等證據確認後，本研究將Huang於2002年鑑定的Hemiplasta 另立為新屬Fagiphasma n. gen.；Huang於2002年鑑定的Nescicroa亦另立為新屬Taiwanosipyloidea n. gen.。其中在CO1、28S、18S與H3四段基因所重建的系統發育樹結果當中，Fagiphasma n. gen. 與真正的Hemiplasta為不同支系，並且兩者在生殖節的形態上也有差異；Taiwanosipyloidea n. gen. 則與Fagiphasma n. gen. 互為姊妹群，雖然Nescicroa屬目前並無其他分子資料可進行比對，但在頭、前足與生殖節形態上也表現出顯著的差異。在物種多樣性的部分，Fagiphasma n. gen. 與Taiwanosipyloidea n. gen. 在全台灣的採集調查分別找到3個新種與10個新種，種間能以翅長、生殖節形態與卵形態等特徵明顯區別，且比對COI及28S序列後也支持其為不同物種。透過著重於特定的棲位進行採樣，本研究顯示台灣產長角枝䗛亞科的多樣性被低估，因此了解相關類群的習性可增加採集效率與發現新種的可能性，為台灣的竹節蟲生物學及多樣性研究做出貢獻。

Subfamily Necrosciinae is the most diverse group within Phasmida. Currently, there are approximately 115 genera and 833 species in this subfamily, with most of the species in Taiwan being arboreal. Observing or collecting these species are quite difficult, so that the study of taxanomy and life cycle are incomplete. Huang mentioned five unknown species of the subfamily Necrosciinae in Taiwan in a publication in 2002. One of those five species was identified as Hemiplasta sp., and the other four as Nescicroa spp. However, recent studies show that geographic distribution, morphology, and behavior compared to Huang's has discrepancies compared with Huang’s identifications. To clarify a mystery that has been unresolved for over 20 years, this study utilizes morphological and molecular phylogenetic evidence to clarify the taxonomic status and species diversity of Hemiplasta sp. and Nescicroa spp. mentioned in Huang's 2002 work. After confirming the evidence through morphology, molecular data, and geographic distribution, this study establishes Hemiplasta identified by Huang in 2002 as a new genus, Fagiphasma n. gen., and Nescicroa identified by Huang in 2002 as another new genus, Taiwanosipyloidea n. gen. The phylogenetic trees reconstructed using CO1, 28S, 18S, and H3 genes indicate that Fagiphasma n. gen. form a separate lineage from true Hemiplasta, with differences also observed in genital segment. Taiwanosipyloidea n. gen. is a sister group to Fagiphasma n. gen.. Although there is currently no molecular data for for Nescicroa, significant differences in head, profemora, and genital segment are evident. Regarding species diversity, the survey across Taiwan discovered 3 new species of Fagiphasma n. gen. and 10 new species of Taiwanosipyloidea n. gen. These species can be distinctly identified by characteristics such as wing length, genital segment, and eggs. Sequence comparisons of COI and 28S further support their classification as different species. By focusing on sampling in specific niche, this study demonstrates that the diversity of the subfamily Necrosciinae in Taiwan has been underestimated. Understanding the habits of these related groups can enhance collecting efficiency and the discovery of new species, contributing to the study of the biology and diversity of stick insects in Taiwan.