黑水虻替換成分飼料配合地衣芽孢桿菌對美國螯蝦生長表現、免疫反應及飼料效益的影響

Abstract

美國螯蝦(Procambarus clarkii)是近年來水產養殖中一種重要的飼養物種，於世界各地作為食用或觀賞用。因大量的飼養使養殖業對魚粉的需求增加，導致漁業資源的減少及魚粉價格的升高，因此找到適合的飼料替代成分是目前水產養殖業的挑戰之一；黑水虻(Hermitia illucens)是近年最常被使用的替代材料之一，具有飼養容易、蛋白質含量高等優點，但因其有幾丁質組成的外骨骼，過量的添加會使宿主的腸道受到損害並降低攝食率。 本實驗使用脫脂黑水虻粉做為魚粉的替代材料，並且為提高飼養的效益及解決替代成分的缺陷，挑選具有對幾丁質、蛋白質優秀分解能力的地衣芽孢桿菌(Bacillus licheniformis)作為益生菌進行添加。以0%（控制組）、21%(B21)及30%(B30)的黑水虻比例取代魚粉用量製成飼料，並將地衣芽孢桿菌培養至3x109(CFU/ml)後添加至上述條件的各組飼料中進行投餵，分別為BB0、BB21與BB30，共六組。56天飼養後測量成長指標，採集各組螯蝦的肝胰腺、腸道及尾部肌肉進行基因表現、菌相分析與組織切片，以及肌肉蛋白質含量檢測。結果顯示進食21%黑水虻替換飼料的螯蝦(B21)在各種成長表現的指標皆有提升的趨勢，與添加益生菌的BB21組相比，BB21組的螯蝦成長表現提升更加顯著，腸道健康表現優於其他組別，並且對外在感染源的抗性增加。這證明以一定比例的黑水虻替換魚粉並添加益生菌能有效改善螯蝦的成長及健康表現。

The American crayfish (Procambarus clarkii) is extensively cultivated for both food and ornamental purposes. The rising demand for fish meal in aquaculture has led to decreased wild fish resources and increased fish meal prices, creating a need for alternative feed ingredients. The black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) known for it’s high protein content and easy for cultivation, has become one of the most commonly used materials in recent years. However, its exoskeleton composed of chitin may potentially damage the crayfish's intestines and reduce feeding efficiency. This study explored the use of defatted black soldier fly powder as a fish meal replacement in crayfish feed and evaluated the effects of supplementing Bacillus licheniformis, a probiotic that can degrade chitin and protein. The crayfish were fed diets containing 0% (B0), 21% (B21), 30% (B30) black soldier fly powder, with same formula and additional receiving Bacillus licheniformis (BB0, BB21, BB30). After 56 days, we assessed growth indicators and collected hepatopancreas, intestines, and tail muscles for gene expression analysis, metagenomics, tissue sections, and tail muscle protein content measurement. Results showed that the BB21 group, which received 21% black soldier fly powder and Bacillus licheniformis, demonstrated significantly better growth performance and intestinal health compared to the B0 and B30 groups. This suggests that replacing fish meal with proportion of black soldier fly, combine with probiotics supplement, can enhance the growth and health of crayfish.