臺灣及日本育嬰留停及復職法制之比較法研究

Abstract

臺灣近年面臨越趨嚴重之少子化問題，有必要於提出育兒政策的同時，不加深性別刻板化和性別不平等之情事，自個體工作與生活之維持平衡予以保障。惟育嬰留停復職法制相關措施之探討在臺灣少有著墨，本文因此在維持工作與生活平衡之原則下，欲探討育嬰留停復職制度之內容，並以日本法為比較法對象。

臺灣法關於育嬰留停復職規定主要見於性別平等工作法，另消除對婦女一切形式歧視公約因於臺灣已具內國法效力，故應認亦有適用空間。惟由於性別平等工作法於2002年始制定，立法面上關於不利處分之規定不夠明確，尚有修法餘地，再者育嬰留停復職之案例累積和學說相關討論較少，又不利處分之認定相當仰賴個案衡量，至今關於育嬰留停復職法制之發展在臺灣尚待相當空間。相對於臺灣法制，日本法制相關發展較臺灣法為先，因此在法規發展上形成獨特體制，於法院案例累積上亦較臺灣為豐富。關於復職規定雖因日本僱用體制之故未有明文予以規定，然而於不利益待遇之判斷，法院發展出獨特判斷基準，供個案予以衡量。本文即以育嬰留停復職制度為中心，透過介紹日本相關法律制度，並日本法上相關判斷基準之形成和適用情形為探討，作為本文研究內容。最後期待於所討論之內容上，提出日本法經驗，作為我國修法方向之啟示。

The focus of this study is the legal system of parental leave and reinstatement, a topic that has been relatively overlooked in Taiwan. However, in recent years, Taiwan has been increasingly challenged by the serious issues of declining birth rates and aging population. Consequently, as childcare policies are proposed, it is essential to address concerns related to gender stereotypes and inequality, ensuring the preservation of citizens' work-life balance. Therefore, this research aims to explore the content of parental leave and reinstatement legal system under the principle of work-life balance through conducting comparative analysis by using Japanese law as a reference.

Taiwanese legal system regarding parental leave and reinstatement is primarily regulated in Act of Gender Equality in Employment. However, as Act of Gender Equality in Employment was enacted in 2002, there remains room for legislative amendments concerning provisions on disadvantageous treatment. Furthermore, there is a lack of accumulated cases and scholarly discussions concerning parental leave and reinstatement. The determination of adverse actions often relies on case-by-case assessments. Thus, the development of parental leave and reinstatement legal system in Taiwan still requires considerable progression. In contrast, the Japanese legal system in this regard has preceded those in Taiwan, and has developed a richer accumulation of court cases. Although there are no explicit provisions regarding reinstatement in Japanese law due to the nature of Japan's employment system, the courts have developed unique criteria for assessing adverse treatment, providing a basis for individual case evaluations. This research focuses on parental leave and reinstatement legal system, examining the legal system in Japan and the formation and application of related assessing criterias in Japanese law as the content of this research. Ultimately, the research aims to draw insights from Japanese legal experiences to develop potential legislative proposal in Taiwan.