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Title: | 系統性評估台灣食品中鉛最大殘留限量的安全性 Systematic Evaluation of the Maximum Residue Limits of Lead in Foods of Taiwan |
Authors: | 鍾君妍 Kuan-In Chong |
Advisor: | 吳焜裕 Kuen-Yuh Wu |
Keyword: | 鉛,蒙地卡羅模擬,機率性風險評估,最大殘留限量,飲食暴露, Lead,Monte Carlo simulation,Probabilistic risk assessment,Maximum Residue Limit,Dietary exposure, |
Publication Year : | 2024 |
Degree: | 碩士 |
Abstract: | 鉛 (Pb) 是一種重金屬污染物,廣泛分佈在整個環境中,並且不會被分解。鉛對人類各系統及器官均產生危害,如生殖系統、循環系統、神經系統和腎臟系統等,國際癌症研究機構 (IARC) 將無機鉛歸類為2A類致癌物。 鉛的暴露主要是透過飲食途徑,鉛對食物鏈的污染引起了人們的高度關注。各國與國際組織為各種食品訂定了鉛最大殘留限量 (MRL)。
本研究採用機率累積性健康風險評估,並利用國家攝食資料庫的數據,評估了台灣目前各種食品的鉛最大殘留限量是否足以保護民眾健康,評估結果可以使政府和監察機構提供科學證據為制定法規提供參考。本研究假設食品中的鉛濃度是台灣目前最新訂定的法規值的95%信賴區間的上限,並設定為對數常態分佈,攝食量數據和體重數據皆設定為常態分佈,為計算台灣民眾的平均每日暴露劑量(ADD),使用Crystal Ball軟件進行蒙地卡羅模擬,進行10,000次模擬。採用美國食品藥物管理局 (FDA) 建議的臨時參考水準 (IRL) 和歐洲食品安全局 (EFSA) 認為鉛的關鍵毒性效應為神經毒性及神經發育毒性和心血管影響,其基準劑量下限 (BMDL) 作為鉛的非致癌性風險評估。 結果顯示,ADD隨著年齡越小,暴露劑量越高,所有年齡組別的危害指數 (HI) 均大於 1,表示民眾有可能受到鉛的非致癌不良健康效應危害,暴露限值 (MOE) 在0-3歲和3-6歲的結果指出,不能忽略鉛對兒童造成的發展神經毒性的影響,在致癌風險評估方面,所有年齡層的致癌風險都超過10-6,皆為不可接受的風險,在敏感度分析中,各年齡層貢獻最高食品類別為飲料類。 這些結果表明,應透過台灣的飲食暴露重新評估鉛的健康風險,優先考量評估飲品類,為政府提供一個修訂政策的科學根據,以充分保護民眾健康。 Lead (Pb) is a heavy metal pollutant widely distributed in the environment and is non-degradable. Lead poses hazards to various human systems and organs, including the reproductive system, circulatory system, nervous system, and kidney system. The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) classifies inorganic lead as a Group 2A carcinogen. Exposure to lead mainly occurs through dietary pathways, and the contamination of the food chain by lead has raised significant concerns. Various countries and international organizations have established Maximum Residue Limits (MRL) for lead in different food items. This study employs probabilistic cumulative health risk assessment and utilizes data from the national food consumption database to evaluate whether the current MRLs for lead in various foods in Taiwan are sufficient to protect public health. The assessment results can provide scientific evidence for government and regulatory bodies in formulating regulations. The study assumes that lead concentrations in food are at the upper limit of the 95% confidence interval of the latest regulatory values in Taiwan. It is set as a log-normal distribution, and intake and body weight are both assumed belongs to normal distributions. To calculate the Average Daily Dose (ADD) for the Taiwanese population, Monte Carlo simulation is conducted using the Crystal Ball software with 10,000 trials. The study adopts the Interim Reference Level (IRL) recommended by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the Benchmark Dose Lower Limit (BMDL) as the non-carcinogenic risk assessment for lead, considering its key toxic effects on Neurotoxicity and neurodevelopmental toxicity and Cardiovascular effects as suggested by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA). Results indicate that as age decreases, ADD increases, and the Hazard Index (HI) for all age groups greater than 1, indicating potential non-carcinogenic adverse health effects of lead on the population. The Margin of Exposure (MOE) results for 0-3 years and 3-6 years suggest that the impact of lead on developmental neurotoxicity in children cannot be ignored. In terms of carcinogenic risk assessment, the risk greater than 10-6 for all age groups, indicating unacceptable risk. Sensitivity analysis reveals that beverages contribute the highest to the exposure in each age group. These findings suggest a need for a reevaluation of the health risks of lead through dietary exposure in Taiwan, with a priority on assessing beverage categories. This can provide the government with a scientific basis for revising policies to adequately protect public health. |
URI: | http://tdr.lib.ntu.edu.tw/jspui/handle/123456789/95081 |
DOI: | 10.6342/NTU202400795 |
Fulltext Rights: | 同意授權(限校園內公開) |
Appears in Collections: | 食品安全與健康研究所 |
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