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| ???org.dspace.app.webui.jsptag.ItemTag.dcfield??? | Value | Language |
|---|---|---|
| dc.contributor.advisor | 吳焜裕 | zh_TW |
| dc.contributor.advisor | Kuen-Yuh Wu | en |
| dc.contributor.author | 鍾君妍 | zh_TW |
| dc.contributor.author | Kuan-In Chong | en |
| dc.date.accessioned | 2024-08-28T16:10:01Z | - |
| dc.date.available | 2024-08-29 | - |
| dc.date.copyright | 2024-08-28 | - |
| dc.date.issued | 2024 | - |
| dc.date.submitted | 2024-04-15 | - |
| dc.identifier.citation | Canfield, R. L., Henderson, C. R., Jr., Cory-Slechta, D. A., Cox, C., Jusko, T. A., & Lanphear, B. P. (2003). Intellectual impairment in children with blood lead concentrations below 10 microg per deciliter. N Engl J Med, 348(16), 1517-1526. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa022848
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(2022). Code of Practice for the Prevention and Reduction of Lead Contamination in Foods. (No. CXC 56-2004). Rome, Italy: Codex Alimentarius Commission Wong, C., Roberts, S. M., & Saab, I. N. (2022). Review of regulatory reference values and background levels for heavy metals in the human diet. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol, 130, 105122. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yrtph.2022.105122 行政院衛生署. (2004). 牛羊豬及家禽可食性內臟重金屬限量標準. 衛生限量標準. 行政院衛生署. (2009). 水產動物類衛生標準. 食品衛生標準 行政處主計處. (2023). 111年綠色國民所得帳編製報告. 衛生福利部. (2022). 食品中重金屬之限量標準. 食品中污染物質及毒素衛生標準 | - |
| dc.identifier.uri | http://tdr.lib.ntu.edu.tw/jspui/handle/123456789/95081 | - |
| dc.description.abstract | 鉛 (Pb) 是一種重金屬污染物，廣泛分佈在整個環境中，並且不會被分解。鉛對人類各系統及器官均產生危害，如生殖系統、循環系統、神經系統和腎臟系統等，國際癌症研究機構 (IARC) 將無機鉛歸類為2A類致癌物。 鉛的暴露主要是透過飲食途徑，鉛對食物鏈的污染引起了人們的高度關注。各國與國際組織為各種食品訂定了鉛最大殘留限量 (MRL)。
本研究採用機率累積性健康風險評估，並利用國家攝食資料庫的數據，評估了台灣目前各種食品的鉛最大殘留限量是否足以保護民眾健康，評估結果可以使政府和監察機構提供科學證據為制定法規提供參考。本研究假設食品中的鉛濃度是台灣目前最新訂定的法規值的95%信賴區間的上限，並設定為對數常態分佈，攝食量數據和體重數據皆設定為常態分佈，為計算台灣民眾的平均每日暴露劑量(ADD)，使用Crystal Ball軟件進行蒙地卡羅模擬，進行10,000次模擬。採用美國食品藥物管理局 (FDA) 建議的臨時參考水準 (IRL) 和歐洲食品安全局 (EFSA) 認為鉛的關鍵毒性效應為神經毒性及神經發育毒性和心血管影響，其基準劑量下限 (BMDL) 作為鉛的非致癌性風險評估。 結果顯示，ADD隨著年齡越小，暴露劑量越高，所有年齡組別的危害指數 (HI) 均大於 1，表示民眾有可能受到鉛的非致癌不良健康效應危害，暴露限值 (MOE) 在0-3歲和3-6歲的結果指出，不能忽略鉛對兒童造成的發展神經毒性的影響，在致癌風險評估方面，所有年齡層的致癌風險都超過10-6，皆為不可接受的風險，在敏感度分析中，各年齡層貢獻最高食品類別為飲料類。 這些結果表明，應透過台灣的飲食暴露重新評估鉛的健康風險，優先考量評估飲品類，為政府提供一個修訂政策的科學根據，以充分保護民眾健康。 | zh_TW |
| dc.description.abstract | Lead (Pb) is a heavy metal pollutant widely distributed in the environment and is non-degradable. Lead poses hazards to various human systems and organs, including the reproductive system, circulatory system, nervous system, and kidney system. The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) classifies inorganic lead as a Group 2A carcinogen. Exposure to lead mainly occurs through dietary pathways, and the contamination of the food chain by lead has raised significant concerns. Various countries and international organizations have established Maximum Residue Limits (MRL) for lead in different food items.
This study employs probabilistic cumulative health risk assessment and utilizes data from the national food consumption database to evaluate whether the current MRLs for lead in various foods in Taiwan are sufficient to protect public health. The assessment results can provide scientific evidence for government and regulatory bodies in formulating regulations. The study assumes that lead concentrations in food are at the upper limit of the 95% confidence interval of the latest regulatory values in Taiwan. It is set as a log-normal distribution, and intake and body weight are both assumed belongs to normal distributions. To calculate the Average Daily Dose (ADD) for the Taiwanese population, Monte Carlo simulation is conducted using the Crystal Ball software with 10,000 trials. The study adopts the Interim Reference Level (IRL) recommended by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the Benchmark Dose Lower Limit (BMDL) as the non-carcinogenic risk assessment for lead, considering its key toxic effects on Neurotoxicity and neurodevelopmental toxicity and Cardiovascular effects as suggested by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA). Results indicate that as age decreases, ADD increases, and the Hazard Index (HI) for all age groups greater than 1, indicating potential non-carcinogenic adverse health effects of lead on the population. The Margin of Exposure (MOE) results for 0-3 years and 3-6 years suggest that the impact of lead on developmental neurotoxicity in children cannot be ignored. In terms of carcinogenic risk assessment, the risk greater than 10-6 for all age groups, indicating unacceptable risk. Sensitivity analysis reveals that beverages contribute the highest to the exposure in each age group. These findings suggest a need for a reevaluation of the health risks of lead through dietary exposure in Taiwan, with a priority on assessing beverage categories. This can provide the government with a scientific basis for revising policies to adequately protect public health. | en |
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| dc.description.provenance | Made available in DSpace on 2024-08-28T16:10:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 | en |
| dc.description.tableofcontents | 口試委員會審定書 i
致謝 ii 中文摘要 iii Abstract iv 目錄 vi 圖目錄 viii 表目錄 x 第一章緒論 1 1.1 鉛簡介 1 1.2 過去使用鉛的歷史 1 1.3 鉛的法規建立與改變 3 1.3.1 國際食品法典委員會 3 1.3.2 歐洲 3 1.3.3 美國 5 1.3.4 台灣 6 1.4 國際上鉛的耐受標準 7 1.4.1 鉛的暫定每週耐受攝入量 7 1.4.2 血鉛參考值 9 1.4.3 FDA’s Closer to Zero action plan 10 1.5 研究背景與目的 11 第二章文獻回顧 12 2.1 鉛的來源及暴露途徑 12 2.2 非致癌性風險評估 13 2.2.1 神經毒性及神經發育毒性 13 2.2.2 心血管影響 15 2.3 致癌性風險評估 16 第三章方法 19 3.1 研究架構 19 3.2 國家攝食資料庫 20 3.3 台灣食品中鉛的法規值分佈假設 21 3.4 暴露評估 22 3.5 非致癌性風險評估 22 3.5.1 危害指數(Hazard Index, HI) 22 3.5.2 暴露限值(Margin of Exposure, MOE) 23 3.6 致癌性風險評估 24 3.7 統計分析及軟體 25 第四章結果與討論 26 4.1 暴露評估結果 26 4.2 風險特性化結果 27 4.2.1 非致癌風險結果 27 4.2.2 致癌風險結果 28 4.2.3 敏感度分析結果 29 4.2.4 貢獻度百分比分析結果 30 4.3 與國際間的飲食暴露評估之比較 32 4.4 鉛飲食暴露、血鉛濃度和IQ 智商之間關係 34 4.5 建議修訂食品中鉛的最大限量 36 4.6 研究限制 37 第五章結論 39 參考文獻 40 | - |
| dc.language.iso | zh_TW | - |
| dc.title | 系統性評估台灣食品中鉛最大殘留限量的安全性 | zh_TW |
| dc.title | Systematic Evaluation of the Maximum Residue Limits of Lead in Foods of Taiwan | en |
| dc.type | Thesis | - |
| dc.date.schoolyear | 112-2 | - |
| dc.description.degree | 碩士 | - |
| dc.contributor.oralexamcommittee | 羅宇軒;蕭伊倫 | zh_TW |
| dc.contributor.oralexamcommittee | Yu-Syuan Luo;I-Lun Hsiao | en |
| dc.subject.keyword | 鉛,蒙地卡羅模擬,機率性風險評估,最大殘留限量,飲食暴露, | zh_TW |
| dc.subject.keyword | Lead,Monte Carlo simulation,Probabilistic risk assessment,Maximum Residue Limit,Dietary exposure, | en |
| dc.relation.page | 157 | - |
| dc.identifier.doi | 10.6342/NTU202400795 | - |
| dc.rights.note | 同意授權(限校園內公開) | - |
| dc.date.accepted | 2024-04-17 | - |
| dc.contributor.author-college | 公共衛生學院 | - |
| dc.contributor.author-dept | 食品安全與健康研究所 | - |
| Appears in Collections: | 食品安全與健康研究所 | |
Files in This Item:
| File | Size | Format | |
|---|---|---|---|
| ntu-112-2.pdf Restricted Access | 7.34 MB | Adobe PDF | View/Open |
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