釣運後台港左翼知識分子/作家的啟蒙敘事 ——以郭松棻、陳冠中為例

Abstract

保釣運動在1971年達到高峰，隨後演變為三條路線之爭，並在台灣和香港引發了一系列相關的社會運動。這些運動為海內外華人知識分子創造了公共討論空間，促使他們對中國議題進行深刻辯論。這種啟蒙經驗成為七、八○年代知識分子的共相。然而，文革浩劫和保釣運動的低潮使知識分子經歷了理想幻滅，這種幻滅感成為他們另一種的啟蒙，推動他們回歸本土或產生本土意識。 本文以台灣作家郭松棻和香港作家陳冠中為主要研究對象，探討釣魚台運動後台港左翼知識分子和作家的啟蒙敘事。本文旨在以「關係性比較」的方法，通過比較兩位作家的文學作品和思想，揭示冷戰格局下的跨境移動、保釣運動的公共論述及社會活動參與意識、台港關係比較、自由主義與馬克思主義的辯論、左翼知識分子的自我定位與啟蒙等問題。本文論述分為三個部分： 第一部分探討七○年代初左翼或異議性報刊對保釣運動的報導及其後續發展，突顯了台港美三地左翼在保釣運動中的發展脈絡、路線衝突，以及海內外左翼知識分子的連結，也勾勒了三地錯綜複雜的左翼份子的派系圖譜。保釣運動突破了冷戰時期國民黨文藝體制和美援文藝體制對左翼思想的長期屏蔽，激發了知識分子「回歸現實」，正視本土社會與政治改革的需求。 第二部分以世代理論分析七○年代台灣、香港年輕知識分子在保釣運動中的感覺結構，探討釣魚台爭議及隨之而來的政治理想落空對三地青年的影響。本文以郭松棻和陳冠中為例，探討他們在左派熱潮退卻後對左翼思想的反思。郭松棻指出知識分子無法真正啟蒙無產階級，認為左翼理論在現實中的實踐始終繞不開人性的試驗。陳冠中則尋求在中國政治現實中的「第三條路」，即「左翼的中道自由主義」。 第三部分探討郭松棻和陳冠中小說中的空間／地方意象，解析其文本空間中承載的公共性質。文中建立了「文本空間」與「文學公共領域」的理論聯繫，強調小說中的「空間意象」和「地方感知」的不同含義，前者作為台港左翼知識分子面對現實困頓的精神隱喻，後者則印證華語語系多地文學場域發表的遊走實踐。 本文力圖深入挖掘保釣運動對台港左翼知識分子的影響，進一步揭示當中的關係性，即左翼思想與文學創作的內在邏輯及美學。這一代知識分子面對的不僅是黨國體制的壓迫，還有各種意識形態的破滅，這種幻滅感促使他們將目光集中在本土社會，通過小說建立內在秩序，並在文化公共空間受限的情況下，小說成為另一個異托邦，記錄對其而言真實的歷史和政治論述。

Baodiao movement reached its peak in 1971, subsequently evolving into a three-way struggle and sparking a series of related social movements in Taiwan and Hong Kong. These movements created a public discussion space for Chinese intellectuals at home and abroad, prompting them to engage in deep debates on Chinese issues. This enlightenment experience became a common feature among intellectuals in the 1970s and 1980s. However, the devastation of the Cultural Revolution and the decline of the Baodiao movement led to disillusionment among intellectuals, which in turn became another form of enlightenment, driving them to return to or develop a sense of local identity. This paper focuses on Taiwanese writer Guo Songfen and Hong Kong writer Chan Koon-Chung, exploring the enlightenment discourses of leftist intellectuals and writers in Taiwan and Hong Kong after Baodiao movement. The paper aims to use a “relational comparison” method to compare the literary works and thoughts of these two writers, revealing issues such as cross-border mobility under the Cold War framework, public discourse and social activity participation awareness of Baodiao movement, Taiwan-Hong Kong relations comparison, debates between liberalism and Marxism, and the self-positioning and enlightenment of leftist intellectuals. The paper is divided into three parts: The first part explores the news and subsequent developments of leftist or dissenting newspapers on Baodiao movement in the early 1970s, highlighting the development context, route conflicts, and connections of leftists in Taiwan, Hong Kong, and the United States, as well as outlining the complex factional map of leftists in these three regions. The Diaoyu movement broke through the long-term shielding of leftist thoughts by the Kuomintang literary system and the US-aided literary system during the Cold War, inspiring intellectuals to “return to reality” and face the needs for social and political reforms in their local societies. The second part uses generational theory to analyze the structure of feelings of young intellectuals in Taiwan and Hong Kong during the Diaoyu movement in the 1970s, exploring the impact of the Diaoyu Islands dispute and the subsequent political ideal disillusionment on the youth in these three regions. Taking Guo Songfen and Chan Koonchung as examples, the paper discusses their reflections on leftist thoughts after the retreat of the leftist wave. Guo Songfen pointed out that intellectuals cannot truly enlighten the proletariat, believing that the practice of leftist theories in reality always revolves around the test of human nature. Chan Koon-Chung sought a “third way” in the political reality of China, namely “leftist moderate liberalism.” The third part explores the spatial/place imagery in the novels of Guo Songfen and Chan Koon-Chung, analyzing the public nature carried in their textual spaces. The paper establishes a theoretical connection between “textual space” and “cultural public sphere,” emphasizing the different meanings of “spatial imagery” and “sense of place” in novels. The former serves as a spiritual metaphor for the leftist intellectuals in Taiwan and Hong Kong facing real difficulties, while the latter confirms the wandering practice of different literary fields among Sinophone world. This paper aims to deeply explore the impact of Baodiao movement on leftist intellectuals in Taiwan and Hong Kong, further revealing the relational aspect, namely the internal logic and aesthetics of leftist thoughts and literary creation. This generation of intellectuals faced not only the oppression of the party-state system but also the collapse of various ideologies. This sense of disillusionment prompted them to focus on local societies, establishing internal order through novels, and in the context of limited cultural public space, novels became another heterotopia, recording the real historical and political discourses for them.