影響老年無力感因素之研究—生產力老化的調節與中介效果

Abstract

老年無力感區分為主觀及客觀無力感：主觀無力感為個人信念或心理感受，缺乏對於生活的控制感知，影響自身認同及角色功能的維持；客觀無力感則在於個人感知缺乏資源連結，使得個人出現無法適應生活的情況，因而陷入無力改變的情境狀態。 臺灣過往較缺乏有關老年無力感的討論及研究，有什麼因素影響著老年無力感也缺乏討論；因此，本研究透過文獻探討，選擇以老年歧視、孝道期待落差、過度保護等社會因素進行分析，觀察其對老年無力感的影響效果。另外，本研究納入生產力老化的概念框架，觀察老年人參與生產活動是否對於老年無力感有所影響，以及觀察其在社會因素對於老年無力感的影響關係中發揮的效果。 本研究透過調查研究方法，蒐集臺北都會地區206位65歲以上老年人的有效樣本，透過統計軟體SPSS及Mplus進行多元迴歸、調節效果、中介效果分析。研究結果發現，老年歧視、孝道期待落差、過度保護皆會影響主觀無力感；而在客觀無力感方面，僅有孝道期待落差會對其產生影響。其次，參與生產活動能夠有效降低老年歧視對於主觀無力感的影響。 為了降低老年無力感，提升老年人的生活福祉，本研究認為社會應該多關注老年人對於老年歧視的主觀感知，也應該在改變社會結構方面有更多行動，才能促進老年人的心理健康；其次，隨著孝道文化改變，個人及社會都應該具備更充分的準備，除了透過多元的方式，維持良善的家庭互動關係，也須持續發展更豐富的服務資源，支持老年生活所需；再其次，過度保護會忽略老年人的自主性，社會應採取更友善的措施尊重其表達，使老年人能夠持續為自己的生活做決定。

Powerlessness can be divided into subjective and objective powerlessness. Subjective powerlessness refers to personal beliefs or psychological feelings, characterized by a lack of perceived control over life, which affects self-identity and the maintenance of role functions. Objective powerlessness, on the other hand, arises from the individual's perceived lack of resources, leading to an inability to adapt to life and thus falling into a state of powerlessness. In Taiwan, there has been a lack of discussion and research on elderly powerlessness. The factors influencing elderly powerlessness are also underexplored. Therefore, this study analyzes the effects of social factors such as ageism, satisfaction with filial piety, and overprotection on elderly powerlessness. Additionally, this study adopted the concept of productive aging to explore whether participation in productive activities affects powerlessness and the role it plays in the relationship between social factors and powerlessness. This study collected valid samples from 206 old adults aged 65 and above in Taipei city through survey research methods and conducted multiple regression, moderation, and mediation effect analyses using statistical software SPSS and Mplus. The results show that ageism, satisfaction with filial piety, and overprotection all influence subjective powerlessness, whereas only the satisfaction with filial piety affects objective powerlessness. Furthermore, participation in productive activities effectively reduces the impact of ageism on subjective powerlessness. To reduce elderly powerlessness and improve the well-being of old adults, this study suggests that society should pay more attention to the subjective perception of ageism among old adults and take more action to change social structures to promote the mental health of old adults. As filial piety culture changes, both individuals and society should be more prepared to maintain good family interactions through various methods and develop more service resources to support the needs of old adults’ life. Furthermore, overprotection neglects the autonomy of old adults. Society should adopt more friendly measures to respect their expressions and enable old adults to continue making decisions for their own lives.