基於建築資訊模型進行能源與耐震補強工程之生命週期評估

Abstract

建築業之碳排放與永續性近年來引起許多關注，居住環境的老化亦成為全球許多都市迫切需要解決的問題。針對現有建物進行翻新和補強是拆除重建以外之常見手段，透過能源翻新以減少建築能耗，或是進行耐震補強延長建築物的壽命並提升安全性。有關建築之碳排分析需要詳細的施工信息，如材料數量與施工設備等數據輸入。部分現有之分析工具利用建築資訊模型以簡化此過程，但多為新建工程設計，不涉及進行補強工程之前置作業或額外施工過程，例如混凝土表層移除和部分構件拆除等工項。因此，本論文提出了針對耐震補強和能源翻新工程進行生命週期評估之分析架構與工具。首先，基於建築資訊模型進行材料數量估算，進行包括生產、施工、運營和終端階段（從搖籃到墳墓）的生命週期評估。同時透過Rhinoceros進行建築能耗模擬，評估施工成本和年電費節省量，估算翻新策略之投資回報期。本研究以台灣一所學校建築作為案例，考慮了三種耐震補強策略（柱加固、翼牆和剪力牆）和兩種能源翻新策略（屋頂隔熱和低輻射窗），共六種組合進行演示。分析結果包含生命週期之碳排放、施工成本、施工與營運能耗、投資回報期等，並提供施工進度表。除了以摘要表和詳細計算表呈現，亦在Revit之3D模型中進行數據之可視化。本研究提出之分析架構與工具可協助使用者從永續性、經濟性與工期等角度評估不同建物翻新和補強策略。

The construction industry significantly contributes to greenhouse gas emissions. Retrofitting is a promising solution, as replacing some elements is more sustainable than reconstructing entire buildings. Energy retrofitting reduces energy consumption as a major source of emissions, while seismic retrofitting prevents damage to aging buildings, especially in seismic-prone areas, reducing the need for demolition and reconstruction. Integrating these retrofitting methods extend building lifespans and offer mutual protection, which can enhance sustainability, economics, and time-efficiency. Current assessment methods often focus on new constructions which may not suit retrofitting projects that involve the additional preconstruction processes like concrete covering removal and partial demolitions of surrounding elements. Existing tools allow adaptation for retrofitting projects but require detailed construction information like material quantities and involved equipment, as well as manual data input. Therefore, this thesis presents a life cycle assessment (LCA) tool specifically developed for integrated seismic and energy retrofitting projects. The tool assesses life cycle carbon emissions, construction costs, electricity savings, and payback periods, and provides a construction schedule. BIM-based software is used to improve the effectiveness of the tool. The workflow was initially designed considering six combinations of three seismic retrofitting strategies (jacketing column, wing wall, and shear wall) and two energy retrofitting strategies (foam concrete roof and low-e windows). The main materials, including concrete, steel bars, foam concrete. and windows, were focused. Primary quantities were retrieved directly from Revit, while the quantities associated with preconstruction processes were estimated from provided equations in Excel, set according to the construction standard. Electricity use intensity (EUI) was simulated in Rhinoceros and set to export to an Excel sheet. This ensured that the tool had considered all related processes during construction and electricity spent during the operation period, to complete a cradle-to-grave LCA that includes the production, construction, operation, and end-of-life stages. The construction cost and annual electricity cost savings were estimated for the payback period calculation afterwards. Furthermore, the construction schedule was provided by estimating material quantities and provided productivity rate. All results were then shown in Excel sheet, as well as in Revit for 3D model visualization and data in each retrofitting element. The ability of the developed tool was demonstrated using a school building in Taiwan as a case study. Revit, Rhinoceros, and Excel accelerated the typically time-consuming data input process. Ultimately, the results in both reports and 3D models support decision-making during the design process by considering sustainability, economics, and construction time.