擁抱大自然多元價値之生態友善參與式保障系統：以綠色保育標章為例

Abstract

慣行農業的持續擴展導致全球生物多樣性面臨重大危機，各地正積極推行政策鼓勵農民投入生態友善農法，但是農民需要克服的轉型阻力繁多。大自然的多元價值，包括感知大自然為人類供應基本生活所需的工具價值，以及人類個人或集體跟大自然之間存在具意義關係的關係價值，可望成為農民轉型生態友善耕作的重要推動力，而轉型後收獲的生態回饋亦可能深化農民對大自然價值的感知。同時，納入多方利害關係人參與農地查證的參與式保障系統具備潛力包容和建構行動者的大自然多元價值，提升生態友善農地集體治理的成效。

本研究以臺灣綠色保育標章參與式保障系統為案例，透過半結構式深度訪談發現了友善耕作推廣團體抱持宗教靈性和關愛生命的關係價值，而生態友善農民亦抱持了多種大自然價值，驅動他們決心投入生態友善農業。本研究又以語料庫為基礎的文本分析法探勘綠色保育標章文本中使用的各類型行動者和大自然價值主題詞彙，再通過共現關係分析觀察主題詞彙類目之間的緊密程度，從而辨識到農地棲地服務和關愛大自然這兩項核心傳播的大自然價值。通過進一步參與觀察綠色保育標章的參與式查證，本研究發現觀察農地和農業技術交流的機會提升了行動者對大自然工具價值的感知，而行動者跟野生動物和生態友善農民直接互動回饋的過程中，大自然關係價值亦得以建立和彼此渲染。再者，友善耕作推廣團體積極利用參與式查證宣導大自然價值，並願意扮演長期夥伴的角色陪伴生態友善農民，形塑共享關係價值的群體，最終達至長期有效的農地治理。因此，本研究確立參與式保障系統是擁抱行動者大自然多元價值的集體治理工具，並根據研究發現提出推動生態友善農業發展的建議，冀可促進臺灣農糧系統生態友善轉型。

The continued expansion of conventional agriculture poses a significant threat to global biodiversity. Worldwide has actively implemented policies to encourage farmers to adopt eco-friendly farming practices, yet farmers face numerous challenges in making such a transition. The plural values of nature, including the instrumental values in providing essential needs for humans and the relational values in building meaningful relationships between nature and individuals or collectives, are expected to become the crucial drivers for farmers’ transition, and the ecological feedback gained from this transition may further deepen farmers' perception of the values of nature. Meanwhile, The inclusion of multiple stakeholders in a Participatory Guarantee System has the potential to incorporate and construct the plural values of nature among actors, thereby enhancing the collective governance of eco-friendly farmland.

This study takes Taiwan’s Green Conservation Label as a case study. Through semi-structured in-depth interviews, we uncovered the religious spirituality and life-caring values held by the eco-friendly farming promotion group. Eco-friendly farmers also hold various values of nature, motivating them to firmly engage in eco-friendly agriculture. Moreover, this study employed corpus-based text analysis to explore the thematic vocabulary of different actors and values adopted in the texts of the Green Conservation Label. We investigated the features of these thematic groups of vocabularies via co-occurrence analysis and identified the two core values of nature — agricultural habitat services and caring for nature. We further observed the participatory inspection process, revealing that farmland observation and exchange of farming skills increased actors' recognition of the instrumental values of nature. In addition, through the direct interactions and feedback processes with wildlife and eco-friendly farmers, relational values of nature were established and mutually rendered among actors. Furthermore, the eco-friendly farming promotion group actively utilized participatory inspection processes to advocate for the value of nature and is willing to play the role of a long-term partner to accompany eco-friendly farmers, thereby shaping a community of shared relational values and ultimately achieving long-term effective farmland governance. To conclude, this study endorses the Participatory Guarantee System as a collective governance tool embracing the plural values of nature among actors. We then propose recommendations for promoting the development of eco-friendly agriculture based on our research findings, aiming to facilitate the eco-friendly transition of the Taiwan’s food system.