德國威瑪共和半總統制憲法的設計、運作與轉出

Abstract

半總統制研究是當代憲政研究中的重要子題。在這個子題中，威瑪共和是相當重要的早期個案。當我們進一步比較威瑪憲法和其他半總統制國家的憲法時可以發現，威瑪和這些國家在憲法的理論上仍舊存在差異。本論文分為三個部分對威瑪的半總統制作討論。首先，本論文將回答在何種情況下，威瑪共和會設計出一部具有半總統制色彩的憲法？而威瑪憲法在理論上和其他的半總統制憲法有何異同？其次，是什麼原因造成威瑪的半總統制相當不穩定的憲政運作？以及第三，威瑪的半總統制是在何種情況下發生憲政轉型，甚至最後造成民主崩潰？透過對威瑪的討論，本論文希望能夠豐富對半總統制的相關研究，尤其是對採用半總統制新憲法的興民主國家有所啟發。

In the research on semi-presidentialism, the Weimar Republic is always deemed an important historical case. However, when we compare the essence narrowly, we can find some differences between the Weimar Constitution and many other semi-presidential constitutions, especially those Eastern and Central Europe as well as the French Fifth Republic (the typical semi-presidential regime). Therefore, Weimar’s experience is worth to be discussed for the many newer semi-presidential democracies. In this desseration I will discuss the Weimar Republic in three parts. First, why and how the Weimar Republic has designed a semi-presidential constitution? What was the different about the constitutional essence betweenWeimar Republic and other semi-presidential regimes? Second, what were the conditions which, provided by the semi-presidential constitution, have made the Weimar Republic so unstable? And thirdly, in which way the semi-presidential constitution of the Weimar Republic has caused or contributed to its collapse? By this I hope to enrich the constitutional studies and to examine how institutional features can, in combination with other factors, stabilize or destabilize a new democracy, or what caused a transformation of the semi-presidential constitution.