港式中文的被動句考察： 以1996至2020年新聞語料為本

Abstract

自港式中文這一個概念被提出以後，關於港式中文的研究不斷，但都是集中在兩岸四地對比的共時研究，而甚少有人分析及研究港式中文在不同時期的變化。可是如果想要全面地理解港式中文這一個變體的內涵，單單透過共時研究去描述和分析現下的語言變異和接觸現象是不足夠的。我們還需要透過分析港式中文在不同時期中的變化去觀察港式中文的內在演變規律，並結合歷史背景和文化脈絡推測相關語言現象出現的驅動因素。 本研究透過觀察港式中文主要的三種被動句——被字句、遭字句和獲字句的在不同時期所呈現的特點，分析這三種被動句在不同時期的使用特點及其演變過程。囿於時間與資源，本研究的語料只來自受眾為知識分子的《星島日報》，且考量到香港媒體在不同版面會使用不同行文風格的慣例，將語料收集範圍縮限在香港版面的內文。語料涵蓋的時間從1996年至2020年，並根據香港與中國大陸的互動緊密程度分為三個時期：1996年至2003年、2004年至2012年、2013年至2020年。 基於收集語料的分析所得，港式中文在近二十年中最常見的被動式為被字句，而非先前研究所指的獲字句和遭字句。本研究也發現三種被動句的搭配動詞以雙音節動詞為主，符合現代漢語詞彙雙音節化的語言現象。而這三種被動句在很大程度上仍然受到「被」、「遭」、「獲」的本義影響。被字句通常用以表達負面感情色彩，遭字句則只能表達負面感情色彩，至於獲字句傾向表達正面感情色彩。另外，在時態方面，三種被動句都傾向用在已然的情境中。不過，獲字句在表達未然情境中有較高的使用比例。研究還探討了港式中文特殊的語言現象，例如被動式詞彙化的趨勢和遭字句中受事者的使用限制。 本研究結果與前人相異之處和港式中文特殊語言現象的發現有助我們對港式中文的認識。希望本研究的成果能促進更多關於港式中文自身演變規律的研究，進一步推動港式中文變體和漢語語言學的發展。

Since the concept of Hong Kong-style Chinese was proposed, research on Hong Kong-style Chinese has been ongoing, but it has mainly focused on synchronic studies comparing the linguistic features of Hong Kong-style Chinese with those of mainland China and other regions. Very few studies have analyzed the variations of Hong Kong-style Chinese across different time periods. However, to comprehensively understand the implications of this linguistic variant, describing and analyzing its current state through synchronic studies alone is insufficient to capture language variations and contact phenomena. It is also necessary to analyze the changes in Hong Kong-style Chinese over different time periods to observe its internal patterns, and to combine historical background and cultural context to speculate on the driving factors behind relevant linguistic phenomena. This study examines the variations of the three main passive sentence constructions in Hong Kong-style Chinese - the "被" (bèi) construction, the "遭" (zāo) construction, and the "獲" (huò) construction - analyzing their usage characteristics and evolutionary processes over different time periods. Due to time and resource constraints, the corpus of this study is solely sourced from the intellectual readership of the "Sing Tao Daily," a Hong Kong newspaper. Considering that Hong Kong media may employ different writing styles across different sections, the corpus collection is limited to the content within the Hong Kong section. The corpus covers the period from 1996 to 2020 and is divided into three periods based on the level of interaction between Hong Kong and mainland China: 1996-2003, 2004-2012, and 2013-2020. Based on the analysis of the collected corpus, the most common passive form in Hong Kong-style Chinese over the past two decades is the "被" (bèi) construction, contrary to previous studies that highlighted the "獲" (huò) and "遭" (zāo) constructions. The study also found that double-syllable verbs are predominantly used with the three passive constructions, in line with the linguistic phenomenon of lexical disyllabification in modern Chinese vocabulary. Moreover, these passive constructions are still heavily influenced by the original meanings of "被" (bèi), "遭" (zāo), and "獲" (huò). The "被" (bèi) construction is typically used to express negative emotions, while the "遭" (zāo) construction is restricted to conveying negative emotions, and the "獲" (huò) construction tends to express positive emotions. Additionally, in terms of tense, all three passive constructions tend to be used in completed contexts. However, the "獲" (huò) construction has a higher usage proportion in expressing hypothetical situations. The study also explores unique linguistic phenomena in Hong Kong-style Chinese, such as lexicalization in passive sentences and the usage restrictions on the undergoer in the "遭" (zāo) construction. The findings of this study, along with the discovery of unique linguistic phenomena in Hong Kong-style Chinese and the differences from previous research, contribute to our understanding of Hong Kong-style Chinese. It is hoped that the results of this study will promote further research on the evolutionary patterns of Hong Kong-style Chinese, further advancing the development of Hong Kong-style Chinese variants and Chinese linguistics.