刑事訴訟中的被害人──以訴訟參與為中心

Abstract

在對刑事訴訟中被害人之定義為何，又扮演著什麼樣的角色、應如何對待，本文首先先進行初步概念之介紹，分別說明被害人權利發展進程，並簡介在刑事訴訟程序中對於被害人可能採取的不同處遇模式以及被害人得主張之權益。再來針對具體各種制度中對於被害人權利保障措施為何，就比較法來說明，分別有德國之附加訴訟制度、日本之被害者參加制度，以及國際刑事法院中的被害人訴訟參與制度，對於刑事訴訟中對於被害人之訴訟參與制度各有不同的定位，並制定了相應的規定。再回頭檢視我國法，從早期實務見解將被害人視為「證人」而不具有其他訴訟上權利之觀點，隨著被害人保障意識逐漸抬頭，相關規定與制度也做出相應修正，其中就包含我國於2019年12月10日為了呼應2017年司改國是會議決議之意旨而三讀通過的刑事訴訟法第455條之38以下的「被害人訴訟參與制度」。自此我國被害人訴訟參與在實務上開始施行，展現出司法學界與實務對於保障被害人訴訟上權利達到一定程度的共識並做出變革，然而，這項新修法上路之制度雖為被害人訴訟上權利開啟一扇新的大門，但仍有對權利保障有所不足之處，尚未能達到立法當時所宣示之目標。據此本文最後針對我國刑事訴訟法被害人訴訟參與制度提出修法建議，以賦予訴訟參與人在刑事訴訟程序中能有更多符合期程序主體地位之積極權利；再來，針對國民法官法與刑事訴訟法在被害人訴訟參與上的互動，因應國民法官法部分案件自2023年施行，關注必要性有所提升，本文亦針對此部分整理相關規定，並綜合呈現學說對現行規定之疑慮，顯示國民法官法中的被害人訴訟參與制度，仍有待後續持續關注與完善。

The definition and role of victims in criminal proceedings, as well as how they should be treated, are discussed in this article. It begins with an introduction to the preliminary concepts, explaining the development of victim rights and briefly outlining different treatment models and the rights victims may assert in criminal proceedings. The article then examines various measures in different legal systems to safeguard victim rights, using comparative law to illustrate. Examples include Germany's accessory prosecution system, Japan's victim participation system, and the victim participation system in the International Criminal Court. These systems each have distinct positions regarding victims' participation in criminal proceedings, with corresponding regulations. Returning to domestic law, the article traces the evolution from early perspectives that viewed victims merely as witnesses without other procedural rights. As awareness of victim protection grew, relevant regulations and systems were accordingly amended. This includes Taiwan's Criminal Procedure Code, specifically the "Victim Participation System" under Articles 455-38, passed on December 10, 2019, in response to resolutions from the 2017 National Affairs Conference. Implementation of victim participation in Taiwan began thereafter, demonstrating consensus in the judicial community and practice towards enhancing victim procedural rights and effecting reforms. However, while this new legislative measure opens new avenues for victim procedural rights, it still has shortcomings in guaranteeing those rights to the extent envisioned at the time of enactment. Consequently, the article concludes by proposing legislative amendments to Taiwan's Criminal Procedure Code to empower procedural participants with more proactive rights in criminal proceedings. It also addresses the interaction between the Citizen Judges Act (Act on Criminal Trials with the participation of Citizen Judge (Guomin Faguan)) and the Criminal Procedure Code regarding victim participation, highlighting the necessity for attention given the implementation of the Citizen Judges Act in 2023. The article organizes relevant provisions and discusses doubts within current regulations, emphasizing ongoing scrutiny and improvement needed in the victim participation system under the Citizen Judges Act.