跟著冷凍鮪魚走： 臺灣印度洋鮪釣業的漁業治理及國家－企業複合體

Abstract

臺灣是遠洋漁業大國，在鮪魚等高經濟價值魚種的捕撈量為世界首位，不過遠洋鮪釣漁業也正面臨國際漁業治理的趨勢影響，進而呈現出在公海上進行生產與治理的國家－企業複合體。本研究「跟著冷凍鮪魚走」，討論製成生魚片的大目鮪自海中捕撈後，有著一連串生產／治理的過程，呈現出國家與企業關係的存在。透過訪談與移地研究，本研究廣泛與漁業從業者、官員、科學家與模里西斯華僑進行訪談，認為海洋空間與多重物質性牽動漁民透過一系列與之對應的漁業技術、基礎設施與海外基地等空間連結，打造大目鮪作為一種新商品，也賦予國家－企業複合體形成之契機；而當前國際漁業治理也在區域漁業管理組織的運作下，需要國家、企業、漁業科學家與漁民的共同參與以達在監控、資源評估與協商配額等公海領域化過程。 因此，跟著鮪魚從海洋裡到市場端的生產過程，本研究透過地理學有關前沿、領域化與物質性等概念，說明公海空間性與物質性對於漁業生產與治理的影響，進而形塑國家－企業複合體。

Issues around oceanic space and resource distribution are centered in the scholars’ discussion. The maritime space and multiple materialities intrigue the geographers to reconceptualize and move beyond the terrestrial perspective of the states and enterprises. In this paper, I propose state-enterprise complex to engage those dialogues while emphasizing the process that shapes the relationship in-between the state and enterprises in/on/beyond the ocean. Taiwan is a prominent distant-water fishing state which leads the world’s top harvest in certain highly migratory, high-value fish species like bigeye tuna, while also facing the trend of the High Sea fishery governance.

This study employs the methodology of following the frozen tuna to examine the production/governance, and economic/political processes in making bigeye tuna a fresh sashimi. This paper conducts archival research, ethnographic fieldwork in Taiwan and Mauritius, and interviews with fishermen, government officials, scientists, and the Mauritian Hakka diaspora. I argue that the ocean spatiality and the multiple materialities drive fisheries to forge spatial connections through fishing technologies, infrastructures, and overseas landing bases, which shape the frontier of bigeye tuna as a new commodity. Nevertheless, the operation of regional fisheries management organizations requires the participation of states, enterprises, fisheries scientists, fishermen, and infrastructures to achieve modern ocean governance including surveillance, resource assessment, and quota negotiation. Therefore, by following the frozen tuna, this study combines the concepts of frontier, territory, and materialities to examine the fishing technology and marine governance of distant-water tuna fisheries, proposing the state-enterprise complex in the co-shaping of maritime territories.