世俗的啟迪：從辯證意象重探殘酷劇場的寓言性

Abstract

殘酷劇場對身體性與儀式性的注重影響現代劇場深遠。然而在現有的劇場史定位中，亞陶對殘酷精神的倡議無非起於對西方理性文明的基進反撥，迄于成就如今舞台意象紛呈的當代視野。本論文從班雅明核心哲思觀念辯證意象（dialectical image）出發，除了釐清亞陶排拒理性語言而追索的「意象」——演員之身體性、舞台元素的物質性以及劇場儀式性——並離不開對語言精神的核心關懷；此外，亞陶所訴諸的煉金術式辯證劇觀，其積極意義並不止於對觀眾審美經驗的挑釁和藝術創作技巧的創新。就亞陶與班雅明而言，他們對辯證意象／意象辯證進行探索的心之所嚮是為成全一種觀看生命與藝術、歷史與悲劇的辯證視野，以此反思現代性抵臨的歷史情境與存在意義。在這個意義下，二人眼中的「寓言」內涵同時指向了一種書寫構作模式和歷史生命觀。 為了提出以辯證意象串連班雅明與亞陶藝術與人文關懷的理據，對二人戲劇理念產生深刻影響的尼采是媒合二人學思的中介。本研究將從班雅明、尼采與亞陶的語言觀為切入視角，爬梳與排比三人領會「語言」、歷史命運和藝術觀念之異同，提出本研究對「寓言性」的界義。奠定在此基礎上，筆者將提出一套剖析殘酷劇場劇論的詮釋策略，探看亞陶特異的寓言式劇論書寫，如何勾勒現代主體應對歷史宿命的辯證視野、體現寓言性的內涵。

The emphasis on the imagery in Artaud’s Theatre of Cruelty has a far-reaching influence on modern theatre, given the fact that it seemingly rejects texts and language by embracing physicality, materiality and the ritualistic nature of theatre. This study, however, using Benjamin's core philosophical concept of the dialectical image as a lens, aims to elucidate Artaud’s advocacy and employment of image in highlighting the spirit of language beyond merely provoking the audience’s aesthetic experience and innovating artistic techniques. Both Artaud and Benjamin, in their writings, explore the exertion of “image” to fulfill particular dialectics of seeing, revisiting the intertwinement of “history” and “allegory” and thereby reflecting on existential meaning from which the advent of modernity has estranged individuals from the essence of life. In this light, the meaning of "allegory" implies a fragmented style of narrative composition and a philosophical inquiry of historical existence. To propose the rationale for linking Benjamin's and Artaud's artistic and historical concerns through dialectical images, Nietzsche, who influenced their artistic perspectives and worldviews at certain levels, acts as the intermediary connecting their thoughts. This study utilizes the philosophies of language from Benjamin, Nietzsche, and Artaud as the theoretical framework. By investigating and comparing their reinterpretations of "language" alongside the associated historical and artistic viewpoints, the aim is to explore the allegorical significance and present an allegorical interpretive strategy to reinterpret the theory of the Theatre of Cruelty. The reinvestigation will focus on how Artaud's unique allegorical writing manifests a dialectical vision for individuals in response to the historical and existential conditions permeated by the all-encompassing impact of modernity.