聊天機器人的言論自由權利分析

Abstract

隨著資訊科學技術的盛行，聊天AI（或稱chatbot、聊天機器人）在網路上業已成為政治與商業的宣傳工具，其進一步引發的種種網路問題也越來越受到重視，特別是在大型語言模型（Large Language Model，簡稱LLM）已具備相當高的表達能力與自主性的情況下，聊天AI是否具有言論自由也將成為重要的問題。對此，本文希望針對聊天AI言論是否受言論自由保護涵蓋的問題給予初步的答案，並對這一議題的基本問題，如言論歸屬及閱聽者取徑，提供一些看法。

然而，不同於過去學者針對的一般性問題，本文想做出的貢獻在於更細緻地區分不同的聊天AI使用情境，並論證某些情境受到的言論自由保護程度與其他情境不同。本文認為，這一做法相較於一般性的回答「聊天AI言論有／無言論自由保障」，更能夠聚焦在聊天AI引發的實際問題上。

具體而言，本文認為聊天AI假扮人類在網路散播特定言論的問題，主要在於「隱瞞身份」。而在Seana Shiffrin的理論框架下，這種隱瞞身份可以被視為一種自傳性謊言（autobiographical lies），而不具言論自由保護的價值。但本文也會指出，自傳性謊言只是聊天AI問題的表象，其本質不僅僅是謊言，還是一種惡意操縱（manipulation），因此這一情境下的聊天AI言論不僅沒有言論自由價值，亦不具有容忍的餘地。

With the prevalence of information science and technology, chat AIs (also known as chatbots or social bots) have become propaganda tools in politics and commerce on the internet. The various internet-related issues further triggered by this have been receiving increasing attention, especially as large language models (LLMs) have gained considerable expressive capability and autonomy. Whether chat AIs have freedom of speech will become an important question. In this regard, this paper aims to provide a preliminary answer to the question of whether the speech of chat AIs is covered by freedom of speech protection, and to offer some perspectives on basic issues such as speech attribution and audience reception.

However, unlike the general questions scholars have addressed in the past, this paper seeks to contribute by more finely distinguishing between different scenarios of chat AI usage and arguing that the degree of freedom of speech protection in certain scenarios differs from others. The paper argues that this approach, compared to providing a general answer to whether chat AI speech is protected by freedom of speech, can better focus on the practical issues arising from chat AIs.

Specifically, the paper argues that the problem of chat AIs impersonating humans to spread specific speech on the internet primarily lies in "identity concealment." Within Seana Shiffrin''s theoretical framework, this concealment can be seen as a form of autobiographical lie and lacks the value of freedom of speech protection. However, the paper also points out that autobiographical lies are only superficial manifestations of the problem with chat AIs; their essence is not only lying but also manipulation. Therefore, the speech of chat AIs in this scenario not only lacks the value of freedom of speech but also lacks accomodation.