原住民女性房務清潔員的勞動與母職：族群、性別、與階級的交織

Abstract

本研究關注原住民女性房務清潔員的族群、性別及階級的交織身份，如何影響她們詮釋勞動條件並經驗勞動體制，並試圖釐清原住民女性多元母職的樣貌，以闡明觀光飯店提供的非典型勞動機會與她們實踐母職之間的關聯。本研究以台東知本觀光溫泉區作為田野地，訪談17位原住民女性房務清潔員，年齡區間在33歲至62歲，且皆育有子女，並進行參與觀察。首先挑戰過往典型／非典型工作的區隔觀點，且反對母職及非典型工作關聯的解釋。原住民女性在同一個組織內同時擁有典型和非典型兩種勞動身份，並在兩者頻繁擺渡和切換。這樣的勞動現象一方面是組織勞動制度的安排，但同時也是原住民女性的生存策略。對原住民女性而言，從事非典工作的意義並非時間彈性，而是應對經濟危機的靈活性，使她們更靈活地應對經濟危殆的家庭動態。同時，原住民女性實踐房務清潔工作展現出勞力和勞心的不可分割性，透過細緻的身體動作和投注於做關係，以因應看似僵化的工作條件。然而，飯店根據族群身份安排管理權限和培訓過程，使得勞心勞力界線明確地被劃分於基層與管理職之間，令原住民員工之間進行內部劃界，並再次正當化族群之間的勞心／勞力差異。最後，我也強調原住民女性的多重邊緣位置使其母職實踐有差異化的圖像，並在實踐過程中呈現公／私領域的不可分割性，同時也因移動經驗差異使她們產生不同的母職意義建構，使得原住民女性選擇不同的母職實踐方式，從而影響她們在房務工作中的參與。

This study focuses on the intersectionality of ethnicity, gender, and class among indigenous women working as hotel housekeepers in Taiwan, and how it influences their interpretation of labor conditions and their experiences within the labor system. It also aims to clarify the diverse manifestations of motherhood among indigenous women, elucidating the connection between their motherhood and the atypical labor opportunities provided by tourist hotels. Conducted in the tourist attraction of Chihpen, （知本）Taitung, well-known for its hot springs, the study interviewed 17 Indigenous female housekeeping attendants, aged between 33 and 62, all of whom were mothers, and engaged in participant observation. It begins by challenging the conventional categorization of typical/atypical work and rejecting explanations that associate motherhood with atypical work. Indigenous women often maintain both typical and atypical labor identities within the same organization, frequently transitioning between the two. This phenomenon is not only a product of organizational arrangements but also a survival strategy for indigenous women. The flexibility in the face of ecnomic crisis, which enable them to adapt to the ecnomical precarity in their family, rather than the flexibility of working time, is the primary concern to participate in atypical work for indigenous women. Simultaneously, Indigenous women''s engagement in housekeeping work demonstrates the inseparability of physical and emotional labor. Through meticulous bodily movements and investment in relationships, they cope with seemingly rigid working conditions. However, hotels often allocate managerial authority and training processes based on ethnic identity, which delineates the boundary between physical and emotional labor, leading to internal divisions among indigenous employees and further legitimizing the differences in emotional and physical labor between ethnic groups. Lastly, the study emphasizes that the multiple marginal positions occupied by indigenous women result in differential images of motherhood, demonstrating the inseparability of public/private domains in their practice. Additionally, differing experiences of mobility lead to different constructions of motherhood meanings, influencing indigenous women to choose different ways of practicing motherhood and thereby affecting their participation in housekeeping work.