成形中的「不義遺址」：安康接待室襲產化過程的挑戰

Abstract

臺灣經歷長達半世紀的威權統治，辨識與保存國家暴力的發生地「不義遺址」，是遲來轉型正義工程的重要環節。其中，位於新北市新店安坑地區的「安康接待室」，是近年最受矚目的不義遺址保存示範案例之一。安康接待室過去隸屬於調查局及警備總部等情治機關，是目前建物遺構保存狀態最完整的白色恐怖時期大型偵訊拘留場址，極具潛力作為國家暴力的空間證據，還原侵害人權的歷史現場。

本研究首先爬梳不義遺址概念在臺灣的成形歷程，並回探不義遺址政策規劃過程中實務上所面臨的困境，如不義遺址定義的模糊性、多樣複雜的空間狀態、牽涉的責任義務難以釐清、不義遺址與既有文化資產治理體制之間的緊張關係等等，藉此探究為何保存不義遺址已是轉型正義推動工作中政治爭議相對較小的項目，但不義遺址的法制化仍像一場遲遲看不到盡頭的馬拉松。

儘管不義遺址遍布全臺，但已經歷襲產化過程並廣為人知的不義遺址寥寥無幾，彷彿處在沉睡的狀態。因此本研究提出「冬眠襲產」的概念，指涉具有重要意義卻長期缺乏政府及社會大眾關注的襲產，以形容臺灣不義遺址的獨特狀態。不義遺址數十年來就像蟄伏在凍土裡，於漫長的冬天中沉睡，無人聞問。就像冬眠的生物需要春天逐漸攀升的溫度才能甦醒，冬眠襲產也需要透過官方及民間的行動注入一定熱度，才會逐漸被看見。

本文的核心案例安康接待室，正是一個甦醒中的冬眠襲產，從一個無人關注、雜草叢生的半荒廢空間，在近年官方及民間的推動下，其價值藉由一連串的行動過程逐漸浮現，有潛力化為具紀念與教育意義的場所。儘管安康接待室是特別受到關注的幸運案例，然而滾動中的安康接待室保存再利用議題仍存在不少張力，例如暗潮洶湧的古蹟提報行動、後續接管單位協調不順、不同社群對其價值定位的異質想像，都是安康接待室襲產化過程中一一浮現的潛在衝突。從不義遺址保存過程的挑戰，亦可由小見大，反映臺灣社會追求轉型正義的挑戰。

After half a century of authoritarian rule, Taiwan’s belated transitional justice efforts hinges on recognizing and preserving historical sites of injustice and state violence. Of these historical sites of injustice, the “Ankang Reception House” located in New Taipei City’s Xindian Ankeng district is a renowned example of preservation and transitional justice efforts. Ankang Reception House was a major interrogation and detainment facility operated by the Ministry of Justice Investigation Bureau and the Taiwan Garrison Command. The Ankang Reception House is currently one of the few remaining detainment, torture and interrogation centers well preserved from the White Terror period. This site has immense potential as spatial evidence of state violence and enables transitional justice efforts for remembrance and commemoration of historical past human rights abuses.

This study starts with a historical overview of the conceptual origins of historical sites of injustice in Taiwan. The study then explores the multitude of challenges encountered in the policy planning and practical operation related to historical sites of injustice. These difficulties include the ambiguity in defining historical sites of injustice, the intricacies of current spatial conditions, the complex web of administrative responsibilities and the bureaucratic tension between control over these sites both as historical sites of injustice and cultural heritages, etc. It has been unprecedentedly challenging to legalize the preservation of historical sites of injustice even though it is a less controversial program within the push for transitional justice.

Although historical sites of justice exist across Taiwan, most of them languish in a dormant state with few examples undergoing proper heritagization. This study proposes the concept of dormant heritage to describe the unusual condition of Taiwan’s historical sites of injustice. Dormant heritage refers to the lethargic processing and lack of long-term care and interest from government and civil society experienced by heritage sites with critical significance. For decades, historical sites of injustice have hibernated in the desolate winter into obscurity. Analogous to a hibernating animal, dormant heritage sites also require warmth from government and civil society to emerge from insignificance and contribute to transitional justice.

This study is focused on examining the transition of Ankang Reception House from a semi-abandoned dormant heritage site in the woods to an imperative historical site of injustice with profound educational and commemorative functions. This transformation occurred due to recent efforts from the government and civil society. Juxtaposed to the revitalization of the Ankang Reception House, there are many unresolved tensions that threaten to derail the wider heritagization process for historical sites of injustice. This study will examine these tensions such as the controversial cultural heritage nomination process, conflicting administrative controls, disagreement among groups with divergent values, etc. This study uses the challenges in preserving historical sites of injustice such as the Ankang Reception House as a microcosm to explore wider challenges in Taiwan’s struggle for transitional justice.