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| DC 欄位 | 值 | 語言 |
|---|---|---|
| dc.contributor.advisor | 單秋成 | |
| dc.contributor.author | Shi-Wei Yang | en |
| dc.contributor.author | 楊仕偉 | zh_TW |
| dc.date.accessioned | 2021-05-20T20:07:37Z | - |
| dc.date.available | 2011-08-06 | |
| dc.date.available | 2021-05-20T20:07:37Z | - |
| dc.date.copyright | 2009-08-06 | |
| dc.date.issued | 2009 | |
| dc.date.submitted | 2009-08-06 | |
| dc.identifier.citation | [1]Alan D. Kersey, “Fiber grating sensors” Journal of lightwave technology, Vol 15, No. 8, (1997)
[2]Lin C.L., “Opto-mechanical applications of Microstructured Materials” PhD thesis, Joseph Fourier University /National Taiwan University, (2004) [3]Bass M., Eric W. Van Stryland, “Fiber optics handbook: fiber, devices, and systems for optical communications,” New York: McGraw-Hill, (2002) [4]Whitten L. Schulz, “Advanced fiber grating strain sensor systems for bridges, structures, and highways,” Proc. SPIE, Vol. 3325, pp. 212-221, (1998) [5]Nye J.F., “Physical properties crystal: their representation by tensor and matrices,” Oxford University Press, (1957) [6]Bertholda A., Dändliker R., “Determination of the individual strain-optic coefficients in single-mode optical fibres,” Journal of lightwave Technology, Vol. 6, No. 1, pp. 17-20, (1988) [7]Tao X., Tang L., “Internal strain measurement by fiber Bragg grating sensors in textile composites,” Composites Science and Technology, Vol. 60, pp. 657-669, (2000) [8]Menendez J. M., Guemes, J.A., “Bragg-grating-based multiaxial strain sensing: its application to residual strain measure ment in composite laminates,” Proceedings of SPIE, Vol. 3986, pp. 271-281, (2000) [9]Hill P.C., Eggleton, B.J., “Strain gradient chirp of fibre Bragg gratings,” Electronic Letters, vol.30, no.14, pp.1172-1174, (1994) [10]Kashyap R. “Fiber Bragg gratings,” San Diego, CA : Academic Press, (1999) [11]Shin C.S., Chiang C.C., “Temperature compensated fiber Bragg grating using fiber reinforced polymeric composites,” Journal of the Chinese institute of Engineers, Vol. 29, No.3, pp. 519-526, (2006) [12]Hill K.O., Fujii Y., “Photosensitivity in optical waveguides: Application to reflection filter fabrication,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 32(10), pp. 647, (1978) [13]Meltz, G., 'Formation of Bragg gratings in optical fibres by a Transverse Holographic Method,' Optics Letters, vol.14, no.15, pp.823-825, (1989) [14]Hill, K.O., Malo B., 'Bragg gratings fabricated in monomode photosensitive optical fiber by UV exposure through a phase mask,' Applied Physics Letters, vol.62, no.10, pp.1035-1037, (1993) [15]Wagreich R.B., “Effects of diametric load on fibre Bragg gratings fabricated in low birefringent fibre,” Electron Lett 32(13), pp.1223–4, (1996) [16]Okabe Y, Yashiro S., “Effect of thermal residual stress on the reflection spectrum from fiber Bragg grating sensors embedded in CFRP laminates” Elsevier Composites, Part A 33, pp. 991–999, (2002) [17]Rachid G., Mahmoud A, El-sherif, “Analysis of induced-birefringence effects on Fiber Bragg Gratings” Optical Fiber Technology 6, pp. 299-323, (2000) [18]Vieira A., “Effect of the recoating and the length on fiber Bragg grating sensors embedded in polymer composites” Elsevier Materials and Design 30, pp. 1818–1821, (2009) [19]Chambers A.R., “Evaluating impact damage in CFRP using fibre optic sensors,” Elsevier Composites Science and Technology 67, pp. 1235-1242, (2007) [20]Takeda S., “Delamination monitoring of laminated composites subjected to low-velocity impact using small-diameter FBG sensors,” Elsevier Composites, Part A 36, pp. 903-908, (2005) [21]Wang C.M. “Damage behaviors of notched composite laminates” PhD thesis, National Taiwan University, (2001) [22]Liu D., “Impact-induced delamination- a review of bending stiffness mismatching,” Journal of Composite Materials, Vol.22, Pages 674-692, (1988) [23]Besant T., “Finite element modeling of low velocity impact of composite sandwich panels,” Elsevier Composites, Part A 32, pp. 1189-1196, (2001) [24]Abrate S., “Impact on laminated composites: recent advances,” ppl. Mech. Rev. 41, pp. 517-539, (1994) [25]Mahinfalah M., Skordahl R., “The effects of hail damage on the fatigue strength of graphite/epoxy composite laminate,” Elsevier Composites Structures, 42, pp. 101-106, (1998) [26]He Y.R., “Comparison and analysis between non-destructive and destructive microscopic testing for investigation of damage in composite laminates” Master thesis, National Taiwan University, (2007) [27]Chiang C.C., “Investigation of the fatigue damage in polymeric composite by using optic fiber grating sensors,” PhD thesis, National Taiwan University, (2004) [28]Cantwell W. J., J Morton, “Detection of impact damage in CFRP laminates,” Composite Structures, 3, pp. 241-257, (1985) [29]Digby D.S., Graham D., “Fatigue testing of impact-damaged T300/914 carbon-fibre-reinforced plastic,” Elsevier Composites Science and Technology, 60, pp. 379-389 (2000) | |
| dc.identifier.uri | http://tdr.lib.ntu.edu.tw/jspui/handle/123456789/9048 | - |
| dc.description.abstract | Carbon Fiber Reinforced Plastic (CFRP) composites used today are at the leading edge of materials technology, with performance and fair costs to the applications. It is important to detect the impact fractures inside CFRP, preventing the structure from catastrophic failure. Due to its tiny size, Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) sensors can be embedded inside the CFRP materials without significantly affecting its intensity. The purpose of this study was to discuss the feasibility of investigating impact damage by using pre-embedded FBGs in CFRP materials. Just after impact, the FBG sensor could detect the impact damage if it is in the vicinity of the impact source. For impact at a distance from the sensor, bending test was conducted to observe the relation between the peak wavelength shift and bending load charts to reveal any hysteresis phenomenon on the peak wavelength-bending load charts that could help us to infer the impact damage up to 50mm away from the sensors. For the post-impact fatigue test, it was found the characteristic Bragg wavelength gradually became buried in a wide band of wavelengths. In order words, the FBG lost its capability to act as a sensor. It was found that this phenomenon may be attributed to the highly non-uniform strain inside the CFRP specimen near the impact position induced by a combination of fatigue and impact damages. This revealed a previously undocumented phenomenon that may limit the application of FBG in damage monitoring inside composite material. | en |
| dc.description.provenance | Made available in DSpace on 2021-05-20T20:07:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ntu-98-R96522520-1.pdf: 4205729 bytes, checksum: ee62c6fc43a8275c15136bb94d23742f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 | en |
| dc.description.tableofcontents | 口試委員審定書 I
Acknowledgments II Abstract III Contents IV List of Figure VI List of Table XI Chapter 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Background 1 1.2 Motivation 2 1.3 Methodology 3 1.4 Thesis layout 4 Chapter 2 Literature Review 5 2.1 Fiber grating sensors 5 2.1.1 Introduction of fiber grating sensors 5 2.1.2 The properties of fiber Bragg grating sensors 7 2.1.3 Fabrication of fiber Bragg grating sensors 11 2.2 Embedded FBG in composite materials 12 2.2.1 Thermal residual stress in composite materials 12 2.2.2 Birefringence effect 14 2.2.3 Sensitivity of embedded FBG sensors 15 2.2.4 Damage monitoring by embedded FBG sensors in composite materials 15 2.3 Impact and Fatigue damage in composite materials 16 2.3.1 Impact damage in composite materials 16 2.3.2 Fatigue damage in composite materials 17 Chapter 3 Experimental instruments and methodology 26 3.1 Experimental instruments 26 3.2 Experimental procedure of impact test 31 3.2.1 Fabrication of fiber Bragg grating sensors 31 3.2.2 Preparation of CFRP plate specimens 32 3.2.3 Embedding FBG sensors in specimens for impact test 32 3.2.4 Experimental procedure for impact test 33 3.3 Experimental procedure of post-impact fatigue test 35 3.3.1 Preparation of specimens for post-impact fatigue test 35 3.3.2 Embedding FBG sensors in specimens for post-impact fatigue test 36 3.3.3 Experimental procedure for post-impact fatigue test 36 Chapter 4 Results and discussion 52 4.1 Embedded FBGs in CFRP composite 52 4.2 Impact on the FBGs (R=0mm) 53 4.2.1 R=0mm, H=80mm 53 4.2.2 R=0mm, H=140mm 54 4.2.3 Micrographs of impact-damaged CFRP specimen 54 4.3 Impact at 30mm from FBGs (R=30mm) 55 4.3.1 R=30mm, H=80cm 55 4.3.2 R=30mm, H=140cm 59 4.4 Impact at 50mm from FBGs (R=50mm) 61 4.4.1 R=50mm, H=80cm 61 4.4.2 R=50mm, H=140cm 62 4.5 Quantification of drift distance in peak wavelength lines 63 4.6 Results of post-impact fatigue test for impact position B 67 4.7 Results of post-impact fatigue test for impact position A and C 70 4.8 Result of fatigue without impact 72 Chapter 5 Conclusions and future work 118 5.1 Impact damage monitoring 118 5.2 post-impact fatigue damage monitoring 119 5.3 Future works 120 References 122 Appendix 125 List of Figure Fig. 2-1: Reflective and transmitted spectra of the Single-mode fiber Bragg gratings [2] 18 Fig. 2-2: (a) The fiber Bragg grating sensor is under a uniaxial stress, and (b) a general non-uniaxial stress. [2] 18 Fig. 2-3: Reflective spectra of FBGs under non-uniform strain fields [2] 19 Fig. 2-4: A simple situation where the strain distribution is piecewise-uniform over the lengths L1 and L2 of the FBG sensors. [2] 19 Fig. 2-5: Temperature variation induced Bragg wavelength shift [11] 20 Fig. 2-6: Bulk interferometer method: UV interferometer for writing Bragg Gratings in optical fibers. [10] 20 Fig. 2-7: Phase mask method to fabricate FBG [14] 21 Fig. 2-8: Scheme for the explanation to the residual stress of composite manufacture [2] 21 Fig. 2-9: Reflection spectra from the uncoated normal FBG sensor, which was embedded into the CFRP laminate, measured during the cure cycle (a) heating process (b) cooling process [16] 22 Fig. 2-10: FBG response along mechanical test: (a) tensile test (b) flexural test [18] 23 Fig. 2-11: Evaluation of delamination size. (a) Definition of intensities for two peaks and (b) logarithmic curves of intensity ratio against delamination size [20] 24 Fig. 2-12: Schematic failure mechanisms for fiber reinforced composites: (a) matrix cracking (b) fiber breakage (c) fiber/matrix interface debonding (d) delamination [21] 24 Fig. 2-13: Schematic fatigue damage modes of quasi-isotropic composite laminate [21] 25 Fig. 3-1: Optical spectrum analyzer (MS9710C) 38 Fig. 3-2: MTS 810 material testing system 38 Fig. 3-3: Impact test machine 39 Fig. 3-4: Configuration of the impact test machine [26] 39 Fig. 3-5: Iron falling dart (Left) used in impact test and Aluminum falling dart (Right) used in post-impact fatigue test 40 Fig. 3-6: Configuration of the four-points bending instrument 40 Fig. 3-7: Broadband light source 41 Fig. 3-8: Abrasive diamond-coated wheel cutting machine 41 Fig. 3-9: Hot press molding system 42 Fig. 3-10: Ultrasonic imaging system 42 Fig. 3-11: Schematic of the C-Scan for laminate damage evaluation [21] 43 Fig. 3-12: Fusion splicer 43 Fig. 3-13: Optical cleaver 44 Fig. 3-14: Optical cleaver 44 Fig 3-15: Schematic of the diaphragm type forming mold for laminate curing process 44 Fig. 3-16: The conditions for laminate curing process 45 Fig. 3-17: Schematic of fiber-embedded method and laminates stacking sequence 45 Fig. 3-18: Configuration of embedded FBGs in CFRP plate specimen 46 Fig. 3-19: Experimental procedure flow diagram for impact test 46 Fig. 3-20: Schematic of Impact distance R and Impact positions A0, A45, and A90 47 Fig. 3-21: Schematic of experimental setup in bending test 47 Fig. 3-22: Bending test was conducted in different directions for measuring embedded FBG sensors in each layer. (a) For measuring the FBGs in L2 and L3 (b) For measuring the FBGs in L1 and L4 48 Fig. 3-23: Configuration of test specimen for post-impact fatigue test 48 Fig. 3-24: Experimental procedure flow diagram for post-impact fatigue test 49 Fig. 3-25: Schematic of experimental setup in post-impact fatigue test 49 Fig. 3-26: Schematic of Impact positions A (in the upstream of the gratings based on the route of the light propagation), B (the center of the specimen), and C (in the downstream of the gratings based on the route of the light propagation). 50 Fig. 4-1: Comparison of FBG spectra before embedding and after curing. (a) Before embedding (b) After curing. 77 Fig. 4-2: Energy exchange between two peaks due to birefringence effect. (a) Initial state of the fiber (b) On bending 77 Fig. 4-3 (a)-(d): Comparison of spectra from FBG sensors in each layer between before and after impact under a 80cm drop-height.(a) Embedded in L1 (b) Embedded in L2 (c) Embedded in L3 (d) Embedded in L4 78 Fig. 4-4: Comparison of spectra from FBG sensors in each layer between before and after impact under a 140cm drop-height. (a) Embedded in L1 (b) Embedded in L2 (c) Embedded in L3 (d) Embedded in L4 79 Fig. 4-5: Optical Micrographs of the impact-damaged specimen (drop height 80cm) [32] 80 Fig. 4-6: Optical Micrographs of the impact-damaged specimen (drop height 140cm) [32] 80 Fig. 4-7: Comparison of spectra from FBG sensors in L1 and L2 between before and after impact under a 140cm drop-height. 81 Fig. 4-8: The shifts in wavelength of the spectra from the embedded FBG sensor in L4 before and after impact under 80cm drop height. (a) Before impact (b) After impact at the three impact positions 82 Fig. 4-9: The shifts in wavelength of the spectra from the embedded FBG sensor in L1 before and after impact under 80cm drop height. (a) Before impact (b) After impact at the three impact positions 83 Fig. 4-10 (a): Wavelength shifts from the embedded FBG sensors in L1 and L2 along the bending test before impact. 84 Fig. 4-10 (b): Wavelength shifts from the embedded FBG sensors in L3 and L4 along the bending test before impact. 85 Fig. 4-11 (a): Comparison of wavelength shifts from embedded FBG sensor in L1 along a bending test before and after impact under an 80cm drop-height and a distance 30mm away from FBG sensors. 86 Fig. 4-11 (b): Comparison of wavelength shifts from embedded FBG sensor in L2 along bending test before and after impact under an 80cm drop height and a distance 30mm away from FBG sensors. 87 Fig. 4-11 (c): Comparison of wavelength shifts from embedded FBG sensor in L3 along bending test before and after impact under an 80cm drop height and a distance 30mm away from FBG 88 Fig. 4-11 (d): Comparison of wavelength shifts from embedded FBG sensor in L4 before and after impact under an 80cm drop height and a distance 30mm away from FBG sensors. 89 Fig. 4-12 (a): Comparison of wavelength shifts from embedded FBGs in L1 and L2 before and after impact under an 140 cm drop-height and a distance 30mm away from FBG sensors. 90 Fig. 4-12 (b): Comparison ofwavelength shifts from embedded FBGs in L3 and L4 before and after impact under a 140cm drop-height and a distance 30mm away from FBG sensors. 91 Fig. 4-13: Comparison of Ultrasonic C-scan images between before and after impact under a 80cm drop height and a distance 30mm from the FBG sensors. (a) Before impact (b) After impact at A0, A45, and A90. 92 Fig. 4-14: Comparison of Ultrasonic C-scan images between before and after impact under a 140cm drop-height and a distance 30mm from the FBG sensors. (a) Before impact (b) After impact at A0, A45, and A90. 92 Fig. 4-15 (a): Comparison of wavelength shifts from embedded FBG sensor in L1 along a bending test before and after impact under an 80cm drop height and a distance 50mm away from 93 Fig. 4-15 (b): Comparison of wavelength shifts from embedded FBG sensor in L2 along a bending test before and after impact under an 80cm drop height and a distance 50mm away from FBG sensors. 94 Fig. 4-15 (c): Comparison of wavelength shifts from embedded FBG sensor in L3 along a bending test before and after impact under an 80cm drop height and a distance 50mm away from FBG sensors. 95 Fig. 4-15 (d): Comparison of wavelength shifts from embedded FBG sensor in L4 along a bending test before and after impact under a140cm drop height and a distance 50mm away from FBG sensors. 96 Fig. 4-16 (a): Comparison of wavelength shifts from embedded FBGs in L1 and L2 before and after impact under a 140cm drop height and a distance 50mm away from FBG sensors. 97 Fig. 4-16 (b): Comparison of wavelength shifts from embedded FBGs in L3 and L4 before and after impact under a 140cm drop height and a distance 50mm away from FBG sensors. 98 Fig. 4-17: Comparison of Ultrasonic C-scan images between before and after impact under an 80cm drop-height and a distance 50mm from the FBG sensors. (a) Before impact (b) After impact at A0, A45, and A90 99 Fig. 4-18: Comparison of Ultrasonic C-scan images between before and after impact under a 140cm drop-height and a distance 50mm from the FBG sensors. (a) Before impact (b) After impact at A0, A45, and A90 99 Fig. 4-19: Quantitative evaluation of the average drift distance of peak wavelength lines by RMSD. 100 Fig. 4-20: Spectra changes from embedded FBG in L1 with various fatigue cycles under an 80cm drop height and impact at position B 100 Fig. 4-21: Spectra changes from embedded FBG in L4 with various fatigue cycles under an 80cm drop height and impact at position B 101 Fig. 4-22: Spectra changes from embedded FBG in L1 with various fatigue cycles under a 140cm drop height and impact at position B 101 Fig. 4-23: Spectra changes from embedded FBG in L4 with various fatigue cycles under a 140cm drop height and impact at position B 102 Fig. 4-24: Comparison of Ultrasonic C-scan images between 0 fatigue cycle and 200000 fatigue cycles after impact at the center of specimen (position B):(a) 140cm drop-height (b) 80cm drop-height 102 Fig. 4-25: Optical micrographs on the sectional view of the post-impact fatigued specimen (H=140cm, impact position B, 200000 cycles). 103 Fig. 4-26: Spectra changes from embedded FBG in L1 with various fatigue cycles under a 140cm drop-height and impact at position A 104 Fig. 4-27: Spectra changes from embedded FBG in L4 with various fatigue cycles under a 140cm drop-height and impact at position A 104 Fig. 4-28: Spectra changes from embedded FBG in L1 with various fatigue cycles under a 140cm drop-height and impact at position C 105 Fig. 4-29: Spectra changes from embedded FBG in L4 with various fatigue cycles under a 140cm drop-height and impact at position C 105 Fig. 4-30: Comparison of Ultrasonic C-scan images between 0 fatigue cycle and 200000 fatigue cycles after impact under a 140cm drop-height and impact at position A and B: (a) Impact position C (downstream of the gratings) (b) Impact position A (upstream of the gratings) 106 Fig. 4-31: Spectra changes from embedded FBG in L1 with various fatigue cycles without impact. 106 Fig. 4-32: Spectra changes from embedded FBG in L4 with various fatigue cycles without impact. 107 Fig. 4-33: Optical micrographs of the same FBG in L1 as the one whose spectra are shown in Fig 4-20. (a) Focus on fiber surface (b) Focus on cladding 107 Fig. 4-34: Optical micrographs of the same FBG in L2 as the one whose spectra are shown in Fig 4-21. (a) Focus on fiber surface (b) Focus on cladding 108 Fig. 4-35: Comparisons of spectra before and after the FBG was drawn out from the specimens, conducted the post-impact fatigue test. (a) The FBG is the same as the one whose spectra is shown in Fig 4-20 (b) The FBG the same as the one whose spectra is shown in Fig 4-21 108 Fig. 4-36: Schematic of experimental set-up in bending test for the FBG drawn out from CFRP specimen. 109 Fig. 4-37: Reflection spectra from the FBG, which is the same as the one whose spectra shown in Fig 4-20, after drawn out from CFRP specimen at various strains 109 Fig. 4-38: Comparisons of spectra before and after submerging the specimen which had been conducted post-impact test in acetone. (a) Spectra from the FBG embedded in L1 (b) Spectra from the FBG embedded in L4 110 Fig. 4-39: Reflection spectra from the FBG embedded in CFRP specimen along the tensile test at various strains. 110 Fig. 4-40: Reflection spectrum at the strain 5126μ in Fig. 4-38 in the wavelength span from 1520nm to 1580nm 111 Fig. 4-41: Reflection spectrum at the strain 8031μ in Fig. 4-38 in the wavelength span from 1555nm to 1561nm 111 Fig. 4-42: Spectrum of intensity increasing in other wavelength in the span from 1400nm to 1700nm. 112 List of Table Table 3.1: Impact energies from different drop heights and dart masses 51 Table 3.2: Experimental parameters in impact test 51 Table 4.1: Average drift distance in peak wavelength from the FBG in L1 under experimental parameters of different impact distances and drop heights. 113 Table 4.2: Average drift distance in peak wavelength from the FBG in L2 under experimental parameters of different impact distances and drop heights. 114 Table 4.3: Average drift distance in peak wavelength from the FBG in L3 under experimental parameters of different impact distances and drop heights. 115 Table 4.4: Average drift distance in peak wavelength from the FBG in L4 under experimental parameters of different impact distances and drop heights 116 Table 4.5: Differences of drift distances in peak wavelength between before impact and after impact at all positions. 117 | |
| dc.language.iso | en | |
| dc.title | 以內埋式光纖光柵感測器監測碳纖維複合材料衝擊及疲勞破壞之應用 | zh_TW |
| dc.title | Application of Investigating the Impact and Fatigue Damage in Carbon Fiber Composite by Using Pre-embedded Fiber Bragg Grating Sensors | en |
| dc.type | Thesis | |
| dc.date.schoolyear | 97-2 | |
| dc.description.degree | 碩士 | |
| dc.contributor.oralexamcommittee | 吳文方,廖顯奎 | |
| dc.subject.keyword | 布拉格光纖光柵,碳纖維複合材料,衝擊損傷,衝擊後疲勞損傷, | zh_TW |
| dc.subject.keyword | Fiber Bragg Grating,Carbon Fiber Reinforced Plastic,Impact damage,Post-impact fatigue damage., | en |
| dc.relation.page | 142 | |
| dc.rights.note | 同意授權(全球公開) | |
| dc.date.accepted | 2009-08-06 | |
| dc.contributor.author-college | 工學院 | zh_TW |
| dc.contributor.author-dept | 機械工程學研究所 | zh_TW |
| 顯示於系所單位： | 機械工程學系 | |
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