墮胎除罪化—兼論社會心理學之觀點

Abstract

本文嘗試從「廢除刑法墮胎罪」與「墮胎合法化」議題出發，試圖為我國的婦女合法墮胎權與身體自主權提供支持的理論基礎。近年來全球多數國家在聯合國公布《世界人權宣言》與《對婦女一切形式歧視公約》正式呼籲各國注重婦女身體自主權與墮胎合法化議題後，注重性別平等的風氣漸長，各國紛紛針對原先內國法律對婦女權益保障不足的規定進行修法，或是宣布舊有的墮胎管制規定違憲，正式宣告墮胎合法化。惟我國目前雖然已將《對婦女一切形式歧視公約》內國法化，其效力等同於法律的位階與效力，然而目前我國刑法第288條卻仍存在禁止婦女自行墮胎的規定，實際上近年來我國實務卻鮮少有懷孕婦女因此條法律而遭起訴判刑，可以說已幾乎達成墮胎實質除罪化的狀態，故有必要討論墮胎罪合法化之可能性，以及墮胎的法律規定對婦女以及社會心理造成的影響。 因此，筆者首先討論我國墮胎罪目前的法律規範，包括《對婦女一切形式歧視公約之內容、刑法墮胎罪章的保護法益、體系架構、相關學說、《優生保健法》及《生育保健法》修正草案，並且以量化統計的方式得出目前我國實務上已甚少因為自行墮胎罪將懷胎婦女起訴判刑的結果，整理出墮胎罪在法律規範以及實際執行的問題與困境所在。本文從以上問題為切入點，分析墮胎罪目前在臺灣法律體系上的定位，以及提出應將墮胎除罪化的理由。 此外，本文嘗試以心理學理論觀點為墮胎除罪化帶來有別於法律觀點的立論基礎。就社會心理學的觀點而言，墮胎罪的存在以及伴隨而來的「墮胎污名」現象對於有人工流產經驗的婦女個人以及社會造成的影響，是複雜且多面的。本文探討墮胎污名的形成機制，以及墮胎污名與個人、社區/社群、組織機構、法律政策、社會語言框架的交互作用，說明墮胎作為一種罪名，所造成的污名化現象對婦女生心理的負面影響。 最後，在目前全球大多數國家愈發重視女性自主權並且近期有不少如法國、愛爾蘭、韓國等國家對於原先國內的墮胎禁令做出違憲的憲法判決或裁定的趨勢下，我國大法官解釋、憲法法庭至今仍未針對墮胎權是否合法化進行表態。因此本文希望能結合不同觀點之研究，建構有關墮胎除罪化之理論基礎，或可做為未來我國墮胎合法化的參考依據。

We focused on “Decriminalization of Abortion” and the “Legalization of Pregnancy” issues and try to provide a supportive theoretical basis. In recent years, after United Nations announced " Universal Declaration of Human Rights " and "Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women," the public has paid more attention on the issue of gender equality. Therefore, many countries revise the law which gives insufficient protection to the woman rights, or announced the abortion restriction law is unconstitutional. In Taiwan, it is clear that the "Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women" has been legalized as the domestic law. However, at present, Article 288 of the Criminal Code still prohibits abortion. In fact, there are few cases of prosecution and punishment of pregnant women due to Article 288 of the Criminal Code in Taiwan, thus it is necessary to take legalization of abortion into consideration. In this regard, we firstly discuss the legal regulations about abortion in Taiwan. The contents consist of "Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women", the legal interest of abortion, the law structure, the theory, the Genetic Health Act and its revised drafts. In addition, according to the quantified statistics of the amounts and result about abortion judicial cases, there has been few women prosecuted and sentenced due to abortion. Following the above points, we discuss the status of abortion law in legislative system and the reason about decriminalization of abortion. Besides, we try to support the decriminalization of abortion with psychological theoretical view as argument basis, which is different traditional legal point of view. From the social psychology point of view, the existence of abortion law accompanies “abortion stigma,'' which would influence women having abortion experience and society. We explore the formation mechanism of abortion stigma, and its interaction with individual, community, organizational structure, the legal policy, and the social language, to explain abortion as a crime and stigma, it would cause negative and physiological and psychological effects on women. Finally, under the current trend that many countries such as the Republic of Korea, Ireland and South Korea, has become put more emphasis on woman’s body autonomy and overthrow anti-abortion laws by making constitutional verdict; by contrast, in Taiwan, the J.Y. Interpretation and constitutional court have not expressed the position about abortion issues clearly. As a result, we combine interdisciplinary study of law and psychology, and we hope to help build up the supportive theoretical basis for decriminalization of abortion, as a reference for Taiwan’s legalization of abortion in the future.