新冠肺炎初期，WHO信任度對邊境政策影響

Abstract

自2019年12月新冠肺炎爆發後，便對全球經濟、政治、社會等各種領域產生許多負面的影響，其中包括各國間的對立及對國際組織的信任度產生質疑。在國際政治中，對國際組織的信任度與國際組織本身的正當性有相當大的關係，此外，國際組織也在解決國際問題方面扮演重要的角色。研究國際問題的學者在新冠肺炎發生前就已經推斷傳染病的威脅可能會有跨越邊境的特點且對人類安全造成重大的負面影響，因此學者將其納入安全領域的研究範圍。新冠肺炎的爆發亦給予研究國際組織信任度一個適當的機會，並可以藉此作為未來解決其他國際問題的重要參考。從歷史上來看，一旦發生傳染病，國家通常會透過封鎖邊境的方式來阻止傳染病的擴散。自新冠肺炎發生後，WHO曾建議世界各國應避免實施旅行禁令或限制貿易互動的相關政策，但部分國家仍未聽從WHO的建議，反而選擇實施邊境封鎖政策。因此，在疫情肆虐下，透過研究各國對國際組織的信任度和邊境政策，可以進一步推測出兩者間的相互作用。本文透過量化研究分析新冠肺炎發生初期WHO的信任度對各國邊境維持開放的時間和邊境政策強度產生何種影響。另外，透過個案研究，本文證實對WHO信任度愈高的國家更傾向支持WHO的政策建議。本研究亦發現在新冠肺炎的威脅下，對國際組織的信任度也發揮一定的功效。最終，本文再次強調，國際組織在未來的全球安全問題中扮演著至關重要的角色。

COVID-19 broke out in December 2019, has affected various areas: economy, politics, and society all over the world. To be specific, it poses problems regarding trust in international organizations, including conflicts between countries. In international relations, trust in international organizations is intensely associated with to the legitimacy of international organizations and plays a vital role in solving international problems. Scholars who study international affairs have included it in the security area even before the outbreak of COVID-19, claiming that the threat of infectious diseases could threaten human security across borders. Therefore, studying the trust of international organizations in the threat of COVID-19 could be an essential clue to solving upcoming international problems. Historically, border blockade was intended to prevent the threat of the epidemic when in the event of an epidemic outbreak. After the outbreak of COVID-19, the WHO proposed policies against restricting travel and trade to countries around the world, but some countries implemented border blockade policies. Consequently, it is possible to infer whether trust in international organizations played a role through the search for international organizations and border policies of each country after the outbreak of COVID-19. Through quantitative research, it was found that WHO's trust in the early period of the COVID-19 outbreak affects each country's border opening maintenance time and border policy intensity. Moreover, case studies confirmed evidence that countries with high WHO trust support WHO policies. Through this study, it was confirmed that trust in international organizations played a role in the threat of COVID-19. These results remind us once again that the role of international organizations is important in responding to the upcoming global security threats.