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標題: | 從國際人權法脈絡探討憲法平等權之保障 —以消除間接歧視為中心 From International Human Rights Law’s Perspective to Review the Protection of Constitutional Equality— Concerning the Elimination of Indirect Discrimination |
作者: | 劉耀仁 Yao-Jen Liu |
指導教授: | 張文貞 Wen-Chen Chang |
關鍵字: | 憲法,平等權,平等原則,間接歧視,差別影響歧視,國際人權法,公民與政治權利國際公約,經濟社會文化權利國際公約,消除對婦女一切形式歧視公約,兒童權利公約,身心障礙者權利公約,司法院釋字第666號解釋,司法院釋字第728號解釋,司法院釋字第760號解釋,行政權,立法權,司法權, Constitution,equality,principle of equality,indirect discrimination,disparate impact discrimination,international human rights law,International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights,International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights,Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women,Convention on the Rights of the Child,Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities,Interpretation No.666 of Judicial Yuan,Interpretation No.728 of Judicial Yuan,Interpretation No.760 of Judicial Yuan,executive power,legislative power,judicial power, |
出版年 : | 2023 |
學位: | 碩士 |
摘要: | 本論文係以國際人權法的脈絡來探討我國憲法對於平等權之保障,主要欲討論的對象在於如何消除「間接歧視」。因此,本文是以消除間接歧視為主軸,且以國際人權法的觀察作為輔助的思考脈絡,並以我國既有的司法院大法官解釋(憲法法庭裁判)與一般法院(包括普通法院與行政法院)所作成的裁判為參考標的,綜合分析間接歧視的背景與成因,並逐步思考消除間接歧視的方法。當然,比較法的分析也是本論文的重點之一,關於此部分,主要是參考美國聯邦最高法院與歐洲人權法院的實務見解,綜合整理與分析間接歧視在其他國家的形成與發展,希冀藉由外國法之比較,提供我國法作為參考與借鏡,並嘗試得出我國對於消除間接歧視的適當方式。
本論文共分為5章。第1章為緒論,本章並不會針對本論文實質的論點作討論,而是對於本論文的基本性質作介紹與說明,亦即,就本論文的問題意識、研究範圍與限制、文獻回顧、名詞定義與解釋、研究方法與論文架構以及預期的貢獻與結果分項討論之。第2章擬就各種不同性質和領域的公約,逐一介紹其平等權之相關規範,以達從國際人權法之脈絡討論平等權議題的目的。本章主要在處理有關國際人權法的平等權議題,主要使用的素材是各個國際人權公約及其一般性意見,包括:《公民與政治權利國際公約》(ICCPR)、《經濟社會文化權利國際公約》(ICESCR)、《消除對婦女一切形式歧視公約》(CEDAW)、《兒童權利公約》(CRC)、《身心障礙者權利公約》(CRPD)等。 第3章則將視角拉回我國的司法實務上面,這裡的討論重心將著重在間接歧視與我國司法實務的關係。不過,外國法的實務上曾經出現過間接歧視相關討論的案例,因此,本章在進入我國司法實務的討論之前,擬先就外國法上之實務案例作為導引與參考,觀察外國法上的實務案例是如何面對與處理間接歧視的問題。這裡的外國法主要是取材自美國聯邦最高法院與歐洲人權法院的案例作為分析的對象。其次,則是針對我國的司法院大法官解釋(憲法法庭裁判)與一般法院(包括普通法院與行政法院)的裁判作整理與分析,除了針對這些實務案例作討論與評析之外,亦將其與前述之國際人權法脈絡結合觀察,試圖得出一些消除間接歧視的理路。而在這樣的理路的基礎之上,延續下一章的分析與討論。 第4章為本論文之重心所在,主要在處理消除間接歧視的方法。面對消除間接歧視的難題,我國本土的討論並沒有太多,因此,本論文借重國際人權法的觀察,嘗試藉由其來思考消除間接歧視的適當方式。從而本章一開始即先處理關於國際人權法應如何進用的問題,並進一步探討國際人權法與我國法秩序的位階與適用的關係。最後,則是透過國際人權法的觀察中得出消除間接歧視的途徑,亦即,以行政權、立法權及司法權的三權路徑進行分析,針對三種國家權力的特色與著力,擬定消除間接歧視的「法律策略」(the strategy of law),以達到消除間接歧視的最終目標。 第5章是本論文的最後一章,為結論章。結論章的功能在於收束、總結本論文的研究發現與論點,並站在這樣的制高點上,以自身對於未來的期許,提出一點建議與展望。因此,本章即先就本論文的研究重點與發現作梳理與總結,其次,在本論文所作出的研究理路,以對於自身的期待,提出一些對於我國未來法制的建議與展望。 This thesis focuses on reviewing the protection of constitutional equality from international human rights law. And the point is concerning the elimination of indirect discrimination. Therefore, this thesis’s core is about how to eliminate indirect discrimination. Also, international human rights law and interpretation of Judicial Yuan (judgment of Constitutional Court), including judgment of Court and Administrative Court, are all the reference materials. By using these materials, this thesis analyzes the cause of indirect discrimination and offers some ways to eliminate indirect discrimination. In addition, the analysis of comparative law is one of the key points of this thesis. Regarding this part, this thesis refers the cases of Supreme Court of the United States and European Court of Human Rights. By doing it, this thesis analyzes the cause and development of indirect discrimination in other countries. In this way, this thesis combines these foreign materials and Taiwanese law so that it could try to come up with the appropriate ways to eliminate indirect discrimination. This thesis can be divided into five chapters. Chapter one is introduction. This chapter does not discuss the substantive arguments of this thesis, but introduces and explains the basic nature of this thesis. In other words, this chapter discusses the problem awareness, research scope and limitations, literature review, term definitions and explanations, research methods and thesis structure, as well as expected contributions and results of this thesis. Chapter two intends to introduce the relevant norms of the right to equality in various conventions of different nature and fields, in order to achieve the purpose of discussing the right to equality from the context of international human rights law. This chapter mainly deals with issues related to the right to equality in international human rights law, and the main materials used are various international human rights conventions and their general comments. They are International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR), Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW), Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC), Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD). Chapter three is brought back to the judicial practice of Taiwan. The focus of the discussion here is on the relationship between indirect discrimination and judicial practice in Taiwan. However, there have been cases in which indirect discrimination has been discussed in practice in foreign law. Hence, before entering into the discussion of judicial practice in Taiwan, this chapter intends to use the practical cases of foreign law as a guide and reference, and observe how the practical cases of foreign law face and deal with the problem of indirect discrimination. The foreign law here is mainly drawn from the cases of Supreme Court of the United States and European Court of Human Rights as the object of analysis. Then, this chapter organizes and analyzes interpretation of Judicial Yuan (judgment of Constitutional Court), including judgment of Court and Administrative Court. Combined with the above mentioned context of international human rights law, this chapter tries to draw some rationale for eliminating indirect discrimination. On the basis of this rationale, the analysis and discussion in the next chapter continues. Chapter four is the core of this thesis which mainly deals with the methods of eliminating indirect discrimination. Facing the difficult problem of eliminating indirect discrimination, there is not much discussion in Taiwan. Hence, this thesis draws on the observations of international human rights law to try to think about the appropriate ways to eliminate indirect discrimination. In terms of this, at the beginning of this chapter, it first deals with the issue of how the international human rights law should be used, and further explores the relationship between the international human rights law and the order and application of Taiwanese legal order. Finally, through the observations of international human rights law, the ways to eliminate indirect discrimination are obtained. That is, this chapter utilizes the three-power paths of executive power, legislative power and judicial power to analyze. In order to achieve the ultimate goal of eliminating indirect discrimination, the characteristics and efforts of three kinds of state powers are used to formulate legal methods (the strategy of law) to eliminate indirect discrimination. Chapter five is the last chapter of this thesis, which is the conclusion chapter. The function of the conclusion chapter is to conclude and summarize the research findings and arguments of this thesis, and stand on such a commanding height to put forward some suggestions and prospects based on my own expectations for the future. Therefore, this chapter first sorts out and summarizes the research points and findings of this thesis. Secondly, this chapter puts forward some suggestions and prospects for the future legal system of Taiwan based on the research rationale made in this thesis and my own expectations. |
URI: | http://tdr.lib.ntu.edu.tw/jspui/handle/123456789/87410 |
DOI: | 10.6342/NTU202300745 |
全文授權: | 同意授權(全球公開) |
顯示於系所單位: | 法律學系 |
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